1What are the three main blood components formed in the bone marrow?
Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes)
2What does a CBC evaluate?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
3What is the normal RBC range?
3.6 – 5.4
4What is the normal hematocrit range?
37% – 50%
5What is the normal hemoglobin range?
12 – 16.5
6What is the normal total WBC range?
5,000 – 10,000
7What is the normal neutrophil percentage?
47% – 63%
8What is the normal lymphocyte percentage?
24% – 40%
9What is the normal platelet range?
150,000 – 400,000
10What is the primary function of hemoglobin?
To bind oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to tissues
11What does a low hematocrit indicate?
Blood loss or fluid overload
12What does a high hematocrit indicate?
Dehydration
13What is hypoxia?
Low oxygen levels in the tissues
14What are common signs and symptoms of anemia?
Fatigue, tachypnea, tachycardia, and pallor
15What are the three major causes of anemia?
Blood loss, decreased or faulty RBC production, and RBC destruction
16What is the most common nutritional anemia worldwide?
Iron deficiency anemia
17Why is iron necessary for RBC production?
Iron is required to make hemoglobin
18What hormone stimulates RBC production?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
19How does kidney failure cause anemia?
Decreased erythropoietin leads to decreased RBC production
20What is the inheritance pattern of sickle cell anemia?
Autosomal recessive
21What are common triggers of sickle cell crisis?
Dehydration, infection, and hypoxia
22What are the three types of sickle cell crisis?
Vaso-occlusive, sequestration, and aplastic
23What are the priority treatments for sickle cell crisis?
Oxygen, IV fluids, and pain medication
24What is polycythemia?
Too many red blood cells causing thick blood (hyperviscosity)
25What commonly causes secondary polycythemia?
Chronic hypoxia such as COPD, sleep apnea, or high altitude
26What is leukocytosis?
Elevated white blood cell count
27What is leukopenia?
Decreased white blood cell count
28What is leukemia?
Malignant overproduction of nonfunctioning white blood cells in the bone marrow
29Why do leukemia patients develop anemia, infection, and bleeding?
Bone marrow crowding suppresses RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
30What is thrombocytopenia?
Platelet count less than 140,000 causing increased bleeding risk
31What is thrombocytosis?
Elevated platelet count increasing clot risk
32What are petechiae?
Pinpoint hemorrhages of small capillaries
33What is purpura?
Red or purple discolorations on the skin that do not blanch
34What is ecchymosis?
Bruising caused by blood leaking under the skin
35What is epistaxis?
Bleeding from the nose
36What is menorrhagia?
Excessive menstrual bleeding
37What is Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)?
An autoimmune disorder that destroys platelets
38What is DIC?
A coagulation disorder causing both widespread clotting and hemorrhage
39Why does bleeding occur in DIC?
Clotting factors and platelets become exhausted
40What are common triggers of DIC?
Sepsis, trauma, burns, obstetric complications, and cancer
41What lab findings are seen in DIC?
Decreased platelets and increased D-dimer
42What is hemophilia?
A genetic bleeding disorder caused by clotting factor deficiency
43What is hypovolemia?
Decreased circulating blood volume
44What is tachycardia?
Increased heart rate
45What is tachypnea?
Increased respiratory rate