Nervous System and Spinal Nerve Anatomy
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1
What are the main learning objectives of the nervous system lecture?
The learning objectives are to describe nervous tissue, name the subdivisions of the nervous system, describe neurons and neuroglial cells, name the types of neurons with examples, illustrate the structure of a multipolar neuron, and describe myelination. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve
2
What is the nervous system?
The chief controlling and coordinating system of the body that controls and regulates voluntary and involuntary activities and adjusts the organism to its surroundings.
3
What three special properties of the nervous system allow it to perform its functions?
Sensitivity, conductivity and responsiveness.
4
What is the function of sensory (afferent) nerves?
They transmit sensory impulses from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS).
5
What are examples of peripheral structures that provide sensory impulses to the CNS?
Skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, joints and special sense organs.
6
What is the function of motor (efferent) nerves?
They transmit motor impulses from the CNS to the periphery, including muscles and glands.
7
How does the nervous system adjust the body to its surroundings?
Sensory impulses inform the CNS about the surroundings → the CNS issues appropriate orders → motor impulses are passed to muscles, vessels, viscera and glands.
8
Why is adjustment of the organism to its surroundings an important function of the nervous system?
Without this adjustment, it would not be possible for the organism to survive.
9
What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?
Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
10
How many pairs of cranial nerves are part of the PNS?
12 pairs.
11
How many pairs of spinal nerves are part of the PNS?
31 pairs.
12
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system mentioned in the lecture?
Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.
13
What is the sympathetic nervous system outflow?
Thoracolumbar outflow.
14
Which spinal nerves form the sympathetic thoracolumbar outflow?
T1–T12 thoracic spinal nerves and L1–L2 lumbar spinal nerves.
15
What is the parasympathetic nervous system outflow?
Craniosacral outflow.
16
Which cranial nerves contribute to the parasympathetic nervous system?
Cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X.
17
Which spinal nerves contribute to the parasympathetic nervous system?
S2–S4 sacral spinal nerves.
18
What are the two types of cells in nervous tissue?
Neurons and neuroglia.
19
What is the neuron?
The structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
20
What are neuroglia?
Supporting cells of the nervous system.
21
What are the three main parts of a multipolar neuron?
Soma/cell body, dendrites and axon.
22
What is the function of the soma/cell body?
It encloses the nucleus and other organelles necessary to maintain and repair the neuron.
23
Which organelles are mentioned in the neuronal cell body?
Nucleus, Golgi apparatus and ribosomes.
24
What are clusters of neuronal cell bodies called in the CNS?
Nuclei.
25
What are clusters of neuronal cell bodies called in the PNS?
Ganglia.
26
What is the function of the axon?
It carries information to another neuron or muscle cells.
27
How many axons does a typical neuron have?
One axon per neuron.
28
What are telodendria?
Short branched processes at the end of an axon.
29
What are collateral branches of an axon?
Branches that may arise from the axon.
30
What cells make up the neurolemma around axons?
Schwann cells.
31
According to the lecture, which part of a neuron is always myelinated?
The axon.
32
What is the function of dendrites?
They carry information to the cell body.
33
What are the typical structural features of dendrites?
They are usually multiple, relatively short and often branched. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
34
What do dendrites have for neurotransmitters?
Receptors for neurotransmitters. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
35
What type of potentials do dendrites conduct?
Local potentials. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
36
How are neurons classified structurally?
As unipolar/pseudo-unipolar, bipolar and multipolar neurons. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
37
How are neurons classified functionally?
As sensory, motor and association neurons. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
38
Where are unipolar neurons found according to the lecture?
In the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
39
Where are bipolar neurons found?
In the olfactory epithelium of the nose and retina of the eyes. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
40
Where are pseudo-unipolar neurons found?
In the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
41
Where are multipolar neurons found?
Everywhere else in the body other than the locations listed for the other structural types. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
42
What is the function of sensory (afferent) neurons?
They transmit impulses from sensory peripheral receptors to the CNS. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
43
What is the function of motor (efferent) neurons?
They carry impulses away from the CNS to peripheral organs. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
44
Where are association/inter-neurons found?
Only in the CNS. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
45
What is the function of association/inter-neurons?
They transmit impulses across neurons of the CNS. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
46
How are neuroglia distinguished from neurons?
Neuroglia are much smaller in size compared with neurons. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
47
What are the six main types of neuroglia?
Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, satellite cells and Schwann cells. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
48
Which four neuroglial cells are found in the CNS?
Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
49
Which two neuroglial cells are found in the PNS?
Satellite cells and Schwann cells. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
50
What is the shape of astrocytes?
Star-shaped. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
51
What is the origin of astrocytes according to the lecture?
Neural crest cells. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
52
What is the main supporting function of astrocytes?
They physically support neurons. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
53
How do astrocytes contribute to the blood-brain barrier?
They brace neurons, anchor them to nearby capillaries and create the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
54
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
They myelinate axons within the CNS. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
55
What is the origin of oligodendrocytes according to the lecture?
Neural crest cells. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
56
What is the function of microglia?
They transform into phagocytes within the CNS. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
57
What is the origin of microglia according to the lecture?
Embryonic mesenchyme. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
58
Why is the protective role of microglia important?
Because cells of the immune system are denied access across the CNS. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
59
What is the function of ependymal cells?
They line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
60
What is the origin of ependymal cells according to the lecture?
Neural crest cells. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
61
What is the function of Schwann cells?
They myelinate axons within the PNS. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
62
What is the origin of Schwann cells according to the lecture?
Neural crest cells. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
63
What is the function of satellite cells?
They surround nerve cell bodies and may aid in controlling the neuronal chemical environment. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
64
What is myelination?
The process that electrically insulates the axon fibers and protects them. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
65
Which cells myelinate axons in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
66
Which cells myelinate axons in the PNS?
Schwann cells. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
67
How do Schwann cells myelinate peripheral nerve fibers?
They myelinate the fibers like a jelly roll; a single peripheral axon is myelinated by many Schwann cells. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
68
What is the gap between individual Schwann cells called?
Node of Ranvier. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
69
What is gliosis?
The process in which damaged neurons are replaced by proliferation of astrocytes. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
70
What happens to microglia during gliosis?
Microglia migrate to the area damaged by infection, trauma or stroke and perform phagocytosis. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
71
What is referred pain according to the lecture?
Pain arising from a diseased viscera that is referred to an area of skin supplied by the same segment or segments of the spinal cord supplying the diseased viscera. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
72
What are common causes of peripheral nerve injury mentioned in the lecture?
Compression, trauma, cut and intramuscular injection. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
73
What are the learning objectives for the spinal nerve section?
Describe the spinal nerve and its functional components, components and branches, and draw a labelled diagram of a typical spinal nerve. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
74
What are spinal nerves?
They are part of the peripheral nervous system and arise from the spinal cord as ventral and dorsal roots. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
75
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
76
How are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves distributed?
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
77
What are the four functional components of spinal nerves listed in the lecture?
General somatic afferent (GSA), general visceral afferent (GVA), general somatic efferent (GSE) and general visceral efferent (GVE) fibers. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
78
What do general somatic afferent (GSA) fibers convey?
Sensory input from skin, muscle, bone and joints to the posterior horn of the spinal cord. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
79
What do general visceral afferent (GVA) fibers convey?
Sensory input from visceral organs to the lateral horn of the spinal cord. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
80
What do general somatic efferent (GSE) fibers convey?
Motor output from motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord to skeletal muscle. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
81
What do general visceral efferent (GVE) fibers convey?
Motor output from lateral horn neurons via paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia to glands, smooth muscle and visceral organs in the sympathetic division, and from the sacral parasympathetic nucleus to pelvic viscera via intramural ganglia. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
82
How is a spinal nerve formed?
Posterior and anterior roots unite within the intervertebral foramen, forming a mixed nerve. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
83
What type of information does the posterior root convey?
Sensory input from the body. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
84
Where does the posterior root enter the spinal cord?
As posterior rootlets through the posterior lateral sulcus. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
85
What ganglion is associated with the posterior root?
The spinal ganglion. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
86
Where is the spinal ganglion located?
Within the posterior root and within the intervertebral foramen. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
87
What type of neurons are found in the spinal ganglion?
Pseudo-unipolar neurons of neural crest origin. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
88
What type of information is transmitted through the spinal ganglion?
Sensory input from the periphery (GSA and GVA) to the spinal cord via the posterior roots. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
89
What does the anterior root convey?
Motor output from visceral and somatic motor neurons. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
90
Where does the anterior root emerge from the spinal cord?
As anterior rootlets from the anterior lateral sulcus. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
91
Where do the anterior and posterior roots unite to form the spinal nerve?
Distal to the spinal ganglion and within the intervertebral foramen. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
92
What is the cauda equina?
A collection of lumbosacral posterior and anterior nerve roots (L2–Co) that descend through the subarachnoid space to exit through their respective intervertebral or sacral foramina. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
93
What does the posterior ramus of a spinal nerve innervate?
The skin and muscles of the back. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
94
What does the anterior ramus of a spinal nerve innervate?
The anterior and lateral muscles and skin of the trunk, extremities and visceral organs. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
95
What does the meningeal ramus innervate?
The meninges and vertebral column. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
96
What are white rami communicantes?
They contain myelinated preganglionic sympathetic fibers and myelinated GVA fibers (splanchnic nerves). The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
97
Where are white rami communicantes found?
Only in the thoracolumbar segments of the spinal cord, T1–L2. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
98
What are gray rami communicantes?
They contain unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic fibers. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
99
Where are gray rami communicantes found?
They are associated with all spinal nerves. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
100
What is a dermatome?
A cutaneous area innervated by the fibers of one spinal nerve. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
101
What is a myotome?
The muscles innervated by the fibers of one spinal nerve. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
102
What is a sclerotome?
The bones and ligaments innervated by the fibers of one spinal nerve. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
103
What is the relationship between one spinal nerve and a somite?
One spinal nerve innervates derivatives from one somite. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
104
What types of lesions can affect spinal roots, spinal ganglia and peripheral nerves?
Sensory, motor or combined lesions. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
105
What is herpes zoster (shingles)?
A common viral infection of the nervous system producing an acute inflammatory reaction in spinal or cranial nerve ganglia. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
106
Which dermatomes are most commonly affected by herpes zoster according to the lecture?
T5–T10. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
107
Why does herpes zoster cause pain, itching and burning over affected dermatomes?
It causes irritation of spinal ganglion cells. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
108
What characteristic skin lesion occurs in herpes zoster?
A vesicular eruption in the affected dermatome. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
109
What is acute idiopathic polyneuritis also called?
Postinfectious polyneuritis. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
110
What usually precedes acute idiopathic polyneuritis?
An infectious illness. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
111
What is the mechanism described for acute idiopathic polyneuritis?
A cell-mediated immunologic reaction directed at peripheral nerves. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
112
Which nerve fibers are primarily affected in acute idiopathic polyneuritis?
Motor fibers. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
113
What pathological changes occur in acute idiopathic polyneuritis?
Segmental demyelination and Wallerian degeneration. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
114
What lower motor neuron symptoms occur in acute idiopathic polyneuritis?
Muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis and areflexia. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
115
Describe the progression of paralysis in acute idiopathic polyneuritis.
Symmetric paralysis begins in the lower extremities → ascends to involve the trunk and upper extremities; the facial nerve is frequently involved bilaterally. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
116
What CSF findings are characteristic of acute idiopathic polyneuritis?
Elevated CSF protein with a normal CSF cell count, known as albuminocytologic dissociation. The Nervous System with Anatomy of Spinal Nerve - L - Dr. Muthuvel Mani -.pdf
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