hematology
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1
What are the three main blood components formed in the bone marrow?
Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes)
2
What does a CBC evaluate?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
3
What is the normal RBC range?
3.6 – 5.4
4
What is the normal hematocrit range?
37% – 50%
5
What is the normal hemoglobin range?
12 – 16.5
6
What is the normal total WBC range?
5,000 – 10,000
7
What is the normal neutrophil percentage?
47% – 63%
8
What is the normal lymphocyte percentage?
24% – 40%
9
What is the normal platelet range?
150,000 – 400,000
10
What is the primary function of hemoglobin?
To bind oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to tissues
11
What does a low hematocrit indicate?
Blood loss or fluid overload
12
What does a high hematocrit indicate?
Dehydration
13
What is hypoxia?
Low oxygen levels in the tissues
14
What are common signs and symptoms of anemia?
Fatigue, tachypnea, tachycardia, and pallor
15
What are the three major causes of anemia?
Blood loss, decreased or faulty RBC production, and RBC destruction
16
What is the most common nutritional anemia worldwide?
Iron deficiency anemia
17
Why is iron necessary for RBC production?
Iron is required to make hemoglobin
18
What hormone stimulates RBC production?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
19
How does kidney failure cause anemia?
Decreased erythropoietin leads to decreased RBC production
20
What is the inheritance pattern of sickle cell anemia?
Autosomal recessive
21
What are common triggers of sickle cell crisis?
Dehydration, infection, and hypoxia
22
What are the three types of sickle cell crisis?
Vaso-occlusive, sequestration, and aplastic
23
What are the priority treatments for sickle cell crisis?
Oxygen, IV fluids, and pain medication
24
What is polycythemia?
Too many red blood cells causing thick blood (hyperviscosity)
25
What commonly causes secondary polycythemia?
Chronic hypoxia such as COPD, sleep apnea, or high altitude
26
What is leukocytosis?
Elevated white blood cell count
27
What is leukopenia?
Decreased white blood cell count
28
What is leukemia?
Malignant overproduction of nonfunctioning white blood cells in the bone marrow
29
Why do leukemia patients develop anemia, infection, and bleeding?
Bone marrow crowding suppresses RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
30
What is thrombocytopenia?
Platelet count less than 140,000 causing increased bleeding risk
31
What is thrombocytosis?
Elevated platelet count increasing clot risk
32
What are petechiae?
Pinpoint hemorrhages of small capillaries
33
What is purpura?
Red or purple discolorations on the skin that do not blanch
34
What is ecchymosis?
Bruising caused by blood leaking under the skin
35
What is epistaxis?
Bleeding from the nose
36
What is menorrhagia?
Excessive menstrual bleeding
37
What is Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)?
An autoimmune disorder that destroys platelets
38
What is DIC?
A coagulation disorder causing both widespread clotting and hemorrhage
39
Why does bleeding occur in DIC?
Clotting factors and platelets become exhausted
40
What are common triggers of DIC?
Sepsis, trauma, burns, obstetric complications, and cancer
41
What lab findings are seen in DIC?
Decreased platelets and increased D-dimer
42
What is hemophilia?
A genetic bleeding disorder caused by clotting factor deficiency
43
What is hypovolemia?
Decreased circulating blood volume
44
What is tachycardia?
Increased heart rate
45
What is tachypnea?
Increased respiratory rate
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