1What is a body plan?
A set of morphological and developmental traits that determine overall form.
2What are the 4 major traits that determine body plans?
Symmetry, Number of embryonic tissue layers, Body cavities, Development mode.
3What are the 2 forms of symmetry, explain each...
Bilateral symmetry; Can be divided into equal halves at only one plane. Radial symmetry; Can be divided into equal halves at multiple planes.
4What is ectoderm tissue?
Ectoderm tissue yields the outer body covering
5What is cephalization?
Concentration of sense organs and nervous controls towards the rostral end of the body.
6What are triploblastic animals?
Animals that possess a third germ layer, mesoderm.
7What is endoderm tissue?
Endoderm tissue forms the inner gut lining
8What are animals possessing only ectoderm and endoderm layers called?
Diploblastic.
9What are triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity called?
Acoelomates
10What is a coelom? What are animals called with this?
A body cavity that is surrounded by mesodermally derived tissue. Coelomates.
11What is a pseudocoelom? What are animals called with this?
A cavity that is formed between endoderm and mesoderm derived tissues. Pseudocoelomates.
12What are the 2 development modes?
protostomes and deuterostomes.
13What are the 3 differences between the 2 development modes?
Fate of the blastopore, pattern of cleavage, coelom formation.
14What are the 2 cleavage patterns? In what development modes do they occur?CT is
Spiral and determinate/ Radial and indeterminate. Protostomes and Deuterostomes.
15Spiral and determinate cleavage patterns do what to cells?
Successive cell divisions occur at different angles and the fate of the cells are determined early.
16What happens to the blastopore in deuterostomes?
Becomes the anus
17Radial and indeterminate clevage patterns do what to cells?
Successive cell division occur along same planes and the fate of the cells are determined late.
18What happens to the blastopore in protostomes?
Becomes the mouth
19How does the coelom form in protostome development?
The coelom forms by splitting of the solid masses of mesoderm.
20How does the coelom form in deuterostome development?
Folds of archenteron form the coelom.
21What are the 4 different tissue types in post embryonic animals.
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.
22Name 3 kinds of connective tissues:
Collagen fibers, Elastic fibers, Reticular fibers.
23Describe reticular fibers...
Are net-like and provide a broad framework for connective tissue.
24Name the 2 major types of tissue:
Striated and Smooth
25What 3 types of muscles do vertebrae animals have?
Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle.
26Descrbie Skeletal muscle...
Striated and is responsible for voluntary movements
27Describe Smooth muscle...
Responsible for involutary body activities
28Describe Cardiac muscle...
Is striated and is responsible for contraction of the heart.
29Describe Neural tissue...
Senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal.
30What kinds of cells does neural tissue contain? Function?
Nerve cells and Glial cells. Nerve cells transmit nerve impulses, Glial cells help nourish and replenish neurons.
31What is the "Matrix" made of?
Protein fibers and ground substance.
32Why must an organism "exchange" to survive?
In order to live, organism must exchange nutrients, wastes, and gases with its surroundings.
33How does exhange occur?
Occurs as substances move across a cell's plasma membrane.
34What will increase or decrease the rate of exchange? What depends on it?
Depends on animals, shape and size. The surface area of an animals cells will affect the rate of exchange.