1true or flase vegetative propagation ensures genetic variability and diversity
false
2true or false chronological age does not equal biological age in woody plants because dofferent parts of a plant can be at different stages of maturity at the same time
true
3what is the term for a horizontal growth habit that some lateral cuttings maintain after they are rooted
plagiotropism
4true or false when nutrient concentrations in seedling tissue reach extremly high levls, nutrient toxicity can occur and seedling growth will decrease
true
5true or false nutrient deficiencies can always be diagnosed by evaluating symptoms displayed by the plants
false
6true or false conifers grow best at around ph 5.5 and hardwoods prefer a slightly higher ph of 6.5
true
7what is considered to be the principal growth limiting factor and is one of the most important growth promoting factors in green houses
carbon dioxide (co2)
8water is easential for
maintaining turgidity in plant cells, promoting cell expansion and plant growth
9true or false. seedling water content is in a constant state of change during the day
true
10true or false. if a growing medium is allowed tondry out, the infiltration rate can be severly restricyed because dry peat particles actually repel water and become hydrophobic
true
11true or false water in a container behaves dofferently than water in an unconfined soil
true
12evapotranspiration increases with
higher temperatures , lower humidities and increased air movement
13when the mineral nutrient supply is no longer limiting, the growth of the seedling reaches a plateau called the
optimim nutrient range
14true or false according to the target plant concept, plant quality is determined by outplanting performace
true
15true or false a target plant is one that has been cultures to survive and grow on any outplanting site
false
16true or false trres needed for reforestation purposes are considered the same as those needed for restoration projects
false
17true or false cost and customer preference are both consideredations when evaluating type of plant material for a project
true
18the genetic considerations in the target plant concept are
local adaption, genetic diversity, sexual diversity
19what is the most limiting factor on most reforestation sites
soil moisture
20list examples of limiting factors of the out planting site
soil moisture. mycorrhizae presence. animal predation. snow load . soil temperature
21true or false the out planting window for nursery stock in most of canada is during the rains of winter or early spring when soil moisture is high and evapotranspirational losses are low
true
22how long should plants be monitored to evaluate success of the stock produced
5 years
23true or false the tools used for out planting have no bearing on the target plant concept
false
24what processes take place during germination of a seed
absorption of water, cell growth and division, increased respiration, increased enzymatic activity
25what are the most importsnt environmental factors that influence germination
temperature, aeration, moisture, light
26the third phase of moisture uptake of seed germination involves what event?
radicle emerges
27the temperature range tree seeds will germinate at is
20-45 degrees celcius
28true or false. light is absolutely necessary for all species to germinate
false
29true or false respeiration supplies energy to germinate seeds
true
30in this type of germination the hypocotyl elongates, arches upwards, then straightens, pushing the cotyledons upward through the soil
epigeal germination
31in this type of germination the epicotyl elongates, pushing the young plumule through the soil while the cotyledons remain below ground
hypogeal germination
32what are some biotic nursery challenges
fungi, bacteria, insects, viruses, nematodes, rodents, birds, deer, snails , weeds , algae , moss/ liverworts
33what are some abiotic nursery challenges
temperature, nutrients, water, light, toxic chemicals, air pollution, mechanical injury
34what are the most common nursery invaders (indoor and outdoor)
aphids, cutworms, root weevils, grey mould, damping off fungus, root rot
35what are fungus gnats (diptera)
fungus gnats are insects that feed on organic matter in the growing media and the soil
36how to control fungus gnats
monitoring : sticky cards for population estimation. cultural: remove organic materials larva can feed on. biological: nematodes, predatory mites. chemical: rarely warranted
37what are thirps (thysanoptera)
common greenhouse pest. feeding causes stippling and then necrosis (dead brown leaf tissue)
38how to control aphids
mechanical control: hand picking (small infestations) biological control: lady beetles, lacewings (aphud lions) monitoring: exclusion not feasible. chemical: insecticidal soaps, horticultural oil (check the label/ hire a professional)
39what are cutworms (lepidoptera)
various spp. most species of forest tree seedlings are susceptible to this pest. larvae spen say under soil/ leaf litter and chew young stems of foliage at night
40how to control cutworms
monitor for moth presence, larvae chewing. mechanical: install screen around growing area to exclude moths. hand picking is another mechanical method. (chickens love them) cultural: limit weeds to prevent egg laying. sterilization of growing media , remove shed leaves and organic debris. chemical: sprays, soil drench for larvae, spray for moths
41 root weevil (coleoptera)
larvae affects roots stems and crowns. young larvae feed on fine roots, mature larvae feed on larger roots, stems and twigs. adults minor damage to foliage
42what is the result of root weevil?
severly reduced root systems, sometimes leading to plant death
43how to control root weevil
monitor root systems when transplanting. biological control: metarhizium aniospliae (entomopathogenic fungus), nematodes: some spp better than others mechanical control: place burlap around susceptable trunks to trap adults. chemical control: chevk the label / best to target adults
44pathogen - grey mould
botryis spp. one of thise mose common green house diseases. grey, cottony fuzz on shoot tissue- shadded areas. stem cankers in advanced stages
45grey mould (botrytis) control
monitoring!!! cultural controls: sanitize tools, pots, growing media, etc. water in the morning so moisture dries quickly. space trays/ benches for adequate air flow. remove weeds / plant debris between crops. ventilate to reduce humidity. chemical control: fungicides available(use according to label)
46damping off fungi
caused by several different species of fungi falling into 2 main groups. Pre-emergence impacts seeds and young germinants. post emergence impacts seedlings after emergence and can infect until stem becomes woody.
47damping off control
prevention- sterilize pots and growing media. do not reuse potting mix. no compost / garden soil. sanitize tools after use. use heating pad to keep substrate warm (22-24degrees celcius). allow growing media to dry between watering. space trays / benches adequately. buy high qaulity seed
48root rot (fungus)
fusarium more commonbin artificial growing media, warm media/ containers.
49how does root rot affect plants
root tops damaged, blocking water / nutrient uptake
50what are above ground symptoms of root rot
loss of vigour, tip die back, needle curling, chlorosis, wilting
51how to control root rot
cultural control - high N & P fertilizer. allow media to dry between watering. control temperatures. sanitize seeds, containers, media. promote healthy seedlings. chemical control- fungicides available
52why is irrigation important
water (h20): hydrogen atoms are needed for photosynthesis
53why is irrigation management important
underwatering causes wilt/ death. over watering causes root decay, fungal growth, pests, death
54what are macronutrients
essential elements needed in large quantities
55what are micronutrients
essential elements needed in smaller quantities
56what are the 3 basic nutrients
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
57what are the primary macronutrients
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
58what are the secondary macronutrients
calcium, magnesium, sulfur
59micronutrients
iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum, chlorine
60macronutrient - nitrogen - what is the tree use
growth element, used in cell division snd photosynthesis
61macronutrient - phosphorus - what is the tree use
energy element, ATP, used in formation of healthy roots, translocating sugars and seed production
62macronutrient - potassium - tree use
hardiness element, opening and closing of stomata, vascular system health. boosts plant ability to fight disease, improves water and energy loss
63macronutrient - calcium- tree use
links pectin chains together in cell walls (acts as glue) assists in cell divison
64macronutrient - magnesium
chlorophyll and protein synthesis, enzyme activation
65macronutrient - sulfur
amino acid production to support nitrogen(growth) assists in defense against environmental stressors
66micronutrients - iron
aids in growth/ chlorophyll
67micronutrients - manganese
splits water molecules to release oxygen and store hydrogen
68micronutrients - zinc
used in leaf and fruit production
69micronutrients - copper
converts phtosynthesis to lignin, other macromolecules. chlorophyll and seed production
70micronutrients - Boron
cell division, seed development, transportation of sugars
71micronutrients - chlorine
maintains turgor pressure. aids in chlorophyll, photosynthesis and oxygen production
72micronutrients - molybdenum
helpsncreate essential nitrogen compounds and uptake nitrogen from soil
73macro nutrient deficiencies symptoms - nitrogen
general chlorosis, followed by stunting. older foliage affected first
74macro nutrient deficiencies symptoms -phosphorus
stunted, purpling or primary needles in young seedlings. foliar symptoms vary within species but range from dull green- yellow- purple
75macro nutrient deficiencies symptoms - potassium
stunted, chlorotic foliage with green base. in several cases purpling dieback at top, browning, necrosis
76macro nutrient deficiencies symptoms - calcium
stunting, minimal growth at meristems. in several cases: death of terminal / failure to elongate. browning/ necrosis of root tips. broadleaves: tip scorth , necrosis of new leaves
77macro nutrient deficiencies symptoms - magnesium
yellow/ orange tips , necrosis in severe cases. broadleaves: often interveinal necrosis
78macro nutrient deficiencies symptoms - sulfur
chlorotic or pale yellow green folliage, stunted growth with youngest leaves most affected. in severe cases: eventual necrosis
79micronutrient deficiencies symptoms - iron
chlorosis in younger foliage first. severe cases: foliage bright yellow - white
80micronutrient deficiencies symptoms - manganese
interveinal chlorosis
81micronutrient deficiencies symptoms - zinc
extreme stunting of foliage with tufting. severe cases : tip die back
82micronutrient deficiencies symptoms - copper
twisted needles with yellow/ bronze tips
83micronutrient deficiencies symptoms - boron
chlorosis, necrosis of terminal bud
84micronutrient deficiencies symptoms - chlorine
no known symptoms in trees. plants: wilting , exsessive root “branching” , leaf mottling
85micronutrient deficiencies symptoms - molybdenum
chlorosis, necrosis begining at tips