1What are the nine regions of the abdomen?
Right/Left hypochondriac, epigastric, Right/Left Lumbar, Umbilical, Right/Left iliac fossa, pubic and hypogastric region
2What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?
Right upper quadrant; Left upper quadrant; Right lower quadrant; Left lower quadrant
3What sort of pathologies are assocaited with epigastric pain?
Hernias; Pacreatitis; Pepetic Ulcer; Gall bladder and liver pathology
4What sort of patholgies are associated with right hypochdonriac pain?
Gall bladder and liver pathology
5What sort of pathologies are associated with left iliac pain?
Sigmoid diverticulitis
6Where does the rectus abdominis run from?
Xiphoid process down to the pubic symphysis
7What are the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?
External oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis and rectus abdomonis
8In what direction does the external oblique run in?
Anterior inferior direction
9In what direction does the internal oblique run in?
Anterior superior direction
10What is the linea semilunaris?
Lateral border of the rectus abdominis muscle
11Where does the linea semilunaris extend to and from?
Ninth costal cartilage to pubic tubercle
12What is the clinical relevance of the linea semilunaris?
Surgical landmark used in paramedian incisions
13What is the rectus sheath?
Fibrous sleeve that surrounds the rectus abdominis muscle
14What arteries are present in the rectus sheath?
Internal thoracic artery, superior epigastric artery, musclophrenic artery, inferior epigastric artery and lower intercostal and lumbar arteries
15What nerves arise from L1?
Iliohypogastric nerve; Ilioinguinal nerve
16What nerves arise from T12?
Subcostal nerve
17From what nerve roots does the nerve supply of the abdomen range from?
T7-L1
18Where does the inguinal ligament run from?
ASIS to pubic tubercle
19What muscle helps form the inguinal ligament?
Inferior border of the external oblique
20What is the inguinal canal?
A passageway in the lower anterior abdominal wall which runs from the superficial inguinal ring to the deep inguinal ring
21What are the contents of the inguinal canal?
Spermatic cord; Ilioinguinal nerve; Round ligamenet of the uterus
22What forms the walls of the inguinal canal?
Internal oblique and transverse abdominis form the roof; Aponeurosis forms the anterior wall; Ligaments form the floor; Transversalis fascia forms the posterior wall
23What are the contents of the spermatocord?
Testicular artery; Vas deferens; Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve; Pampiniform venous plexus
24What nerve runs with the spermatic cord?
Ilioinguinal nerve
25What surrounds the spermatocord?
External spermatic fascia; Cremaster muscle; Internal spermatic fascia
26Do direct inguinal hernias occur medial or lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels?
Medial
27Do indirect inguinal hernias occur medial or lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels?
Lateral
28What is the superficial inguinal ring?
Point where the spermatic cord emerges from the abdominal wall
29What is the deep inguinal ring?
Point at which the contents of the spermatic cord enter the abdominal wall
30Around when does the testes descend and pass through the inguinal canal?
7 months
31Around when does the testes reach the scrotum?
9 months
32What are the testes called before they have descended?
Primoridal testes
33What is the processus vaginalis?
An embryonic outpouching of the peritoneum that precedes the descent of the testes through the inguinal canal.
34What does the processus vaginalis go on to become?
Tunica vaginalis
35What is the function of the cremaster muscle?
Contracts to produces cremaster muscle
36What nerve innervates the cremaster muscle?
Genitofemoral nerve
37From what nerve roots does the genitofemoral nerve arise?
L1 and L2
38In females what does the gubernaculum go on to form?
Round Ligament of the uterus
39Where does the round ligament pass?
Through the inguinal canal onto the labia majora
40What is an inguinal hernia and how do they form?
Protrusion of peritoneum and viscera through an opening or weakness
41What is hasselbach’s triangle?
Triangle in abdominal wall where direct inguinal hernias occur
42What type of hernias occur through Hasselbach’s triangle?
Direct inguinal hernias
43What forms the boundaries of Hasselbach’s triangle?
Inferior epigastric vessels; Inguinal ligament; Lateral border of the rectus abdominis
44What are some properties of direct inguinal hernias?
Rarely enters the scrotum; Hernia passes through Hasselbach’s triangle
45What are some properties of indirect inguinal hernias?
Commonly enters the scrotum; Congenital; Lateral to inferior epigastric vessels
46In direct inguinal hernias, where is the hernia in relation to the inferior epigastic vessel?
medial
47What are some other types of hernias?
Femoral hernias; Incisional hernias; Umbilical hernias