1Kerley B lines are associated with which condition?
heart failure
2In addition to kerley B lines what other s/s would indicated heart failure?
dyspnea
elevated BP
3What is dyspnea?
shortness of breath
4What is dyspnea caused by?
L atrial and pulmonary venous pressures
5How would you quantify the severity of the patients dyspnea?
ask the patient what promotes it
6What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
shortness of breath within 10 minutes-4 hours of going to bed
7What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea relieved with?
sitting upright or standing
8What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea specific to?
cardiac disease
9What is cardiogenic syncope commonly from?
bradyarrhythmias
ventricular tachy
very rapid SVT
10In addition to arrhythmias what else is cardiogenic syncope associated with?
vasovagal syncope caused by lag in vagal activity
autonomic dysfunction- orthostasis
carotid sinus hypersensitivity
11What causes peripheral arterial disease?
embolism
thrombosis
vasculitis
entrapment
trauma
12Kerley B lines are associated with which condition?
heart failure
13Kerley B lines are associated with which condition?
heart failure
14What are the s/s or PAD?
can be asymptomatic
intermittent claudication
pain at rest
15What is intermittent claudication?
pain, aches, cramps, numbness/tingling or sense of fatigue in the muscles that occure during exercise and is relieved by rest
16What will you see on physical exam with PAD?
decrease or absent pulses distal to obstruction
presence of bruit over the narrowed artery
impotence
17Which artery is impotence specific to?
iliac
18What will you see on physical exam in severe PAD?
decreased hair growth
smooth and shiny skin
cool temp of foot and leg
paleness of the leg or foot when elevated
blue or red discoloration when hanging down
sore on the food that does not heal
19What is acute arterial occlusion?
occurs when arterial occlusion results in the sudden cessation of blood flow to the extremity
20What is the most common cause of acute arterial occlusion?
atrial fibrillation
21What are the 5 ps of acute arterial occulsion?
pain
parasthesias
pallor or cyanis; mottling
paralysis
pulselessness
22When do you not used the heart score?
new st changes
new NOS EKG findings
hypotension
life expectancy less than a year
significant non-cardiac medical illness
significant surgical illness
significant psychiatric illness
23What do you use an echocardiogram for?
chamber size and hypertrophy
pericardial effusion
valvular abnormalities
24What is the gold standard for myocarditis?
cardiac MRI
25What is a stress echo used to assess?
exercise induced ischemia
valvular disease
26What is the gold standard for determining EF?
radionucleotide angiography
27When do you use a nuclear stress test?
perfusion of heart under stress
28What are the risk factors for developing metabolic syndrome?
sedentary lifestyle
genetics
age
29
What are the associated conditions with metabolic syndrome?
PCOS
Hyperuricemia
Non alcoholic fatty liver disease
obstructive sleep apnea
30What are the key lab findings for metabolic syndrome?
fasting lipids
fasting glucose
uric acid
LFTs
LH, testosterone and FSH
sleep study
31What BP indicated hypertensive urgency?
220/125
32What are the primary causes of primary HTN?
sympathetic nervous system hypersensitivity
abnormal CV or renal development
renin-angiotensin system activity