1Identify the NPN synthesized by the liver from ammonia and excreted by the kidneys
Urea
2Common conditions where urea levels are decreased
overhydration or liver disease
3Identify the waste product formed from the dehydration of creatine, mainly in muscles
Creatinine
4Primary condition associated with an increase in uric acid levels
gout
5List three medical conditions where uric acid levels increase aside from gout
disorders of purine metabolism
increased cell lysis
6Metabolic disorder associated with an increase in uric acid
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
7Identify the substance that increases in liver disease, hepatic coma, renal failure, and Reye’s syndrome
Ammonia
8Identify the specific reagent composed of picric acid and 10% NaOH
Jaffe reagent
9Specific term for the red tautomer of creatinine picrate
Direct Jaffe
10List the major inhibitors of urease
Citrate, Fluoride, Acetohydroxamic acid
11Method for BUN that produces a yellow diazine derivative
Diacetylmonoxime (DAM)
12Identify the enzyme derived from Jack beans used in urea methods
Urease
13Name of the reagent utilized to measure ammonia in the urease method
Berthelot
14List the developers used in the Phosphotungstic acid color method under the FNBB acronym
Folin, Newton, Benedict's, Brown
15List the developers used in the Phosphotungstic acid color method under the HAC acronym
Henry, Archibald, Caraway
16Identify the simplest and most specific method for uric acid determination
Uricase
17Common treatment used for hyperuricemia
Allopurinol
18Identify the three requirements common to all NPN testing (PDM)
deproteinization, digestion, measurement of ammonia
19List the common methods associated with BUN measurement
Fearon, Dam-colorimetric, Karr, Van Slyke Cullen, Gentzkow, Folin-Svedberg, Berthelot, Leiboff, Urograph/Urostrat
20List the common methods associated with Creatinine (CREA) measurement
JAFFE, LLOYD'S, FULLER'S EARTH, HPLC, IDMS, CREATININE AMINOHYDROLASE, ENZYMATIC ISE
21List the common methods associated with Uric Acid measurement
FOLIN, BROWN, BENEDICT'S, ARCHIBALD, NEWTON, HENRY, CARAWAY, KERN
22Identify the common digestion agents for NPN measurement
sulfuric acid-oxidizing agent, copper sulfate or perchloric acid-catalyst, phosphoric acid of potassium sulfate
23Condition characterized specifically by an increased level of urea in the blood
azotemia
24Toxic condition involving very high serum levels of urea accompanied by renal failure
uremia
25Type of azotemia caused by diminished blood supply to the glomerulus with normal renal function
pre-renal azotemia
26Common causes of pre-renal azotemia
dehydration, shock, hemorrhage, decrease blood volume
27Type of azotemia due to a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate occurring with kidney diseases
renal azotemia
28Type of azotemia caused specifically by urinary tract obstruction
post-renal azotemia
29Direct method for urea that does not use urease
Diacetylmonoxime (DAM)
30Identify the substance made in the liver from amino acids and used in muscle as an energy source
Creatine
31Identify the anhydrous form of creatine
Creatinine
32Relationship between muscle mass and the amount of creatinine excreted
direct (the greater the muscle mass, the greater the creatinine)
33Identify the substrate/product used in kinetic reactions for creatinine to form a colored product
H_{2}O_{2} (hydrogen peroxide)
34Abnormal creatinine levels are typically elevated because of reduced
GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)
35Higher BCR ratios indicate that the elevation of BUN is caused by
pre-renal or post-renal causes
36Identify the NPN with allantoin and H_{2}O_{2} as final products
uric acid
37Substance formed by the deamination of amino acids used by the liver to produce urea
ammonia
38Effect on ammonia levels when there is inadequate blood circulation through the liver
increase
39Specific light wavelength used to measure the absorbance of Uric Acid
293 nm
40Identify the NPN that is converted into allantoin
uric acid
41Reference method used for the measurement of NPNs
Isotope Dilution
42Heavy metal component utilized in the process of Nesslerization
Mercury
43Reason why amino acids are water-soluble based on their electrical properties
negative charge
44NPN that is specifically found in plasma and directly relates to muscle function
Creatinine
45Two lab findings that indicate kidney failure
decrease in GFR and increase in NPNs (Creatinine)
46Type of azotemia caused by decreased blood flow to the kidneys from hypotension, shock, or sepsis
Pre-renal Azotemia
47Lab result characteristic of Pre-renal Azotemia involving BUN and BCR
Increased BUN and increased BCR
48Specific causes of Renal Azotemia mentioned in the notes
nephrotic syndrome, renal tubular damage, or glomerular damage
49Lab result characteristic of Renal Azotemia regarding BCR
normal BCR
50Identify the cause of Post-renal Azotemia
obstruction (e.g., kidney stone)
51Common constant value for NPNs mentioned in the introductory notes
250 mg/dl
52NPNs found in serum and plasma aside from Urea and Creatinine
Amino acids, Uric acid, and Ammonia