1What happens to RBC after in urine for a long time?
it becomes cremated (when fluid from RBC goes outside)
2What is pyuria?
WBC in urine
3What does yeast hyphae indicate?
progressive disease, problem has been present for a long time; infection is widespread
4When do you see mucous strands in urine?
mucous strands increased when dehydrated
generally produced by everyone
5Where are squamous epithelial cells located?
lining of urethra
6What is the characteristic of squamous epithelial cells?
irregular shape, scarcely granular cytoplasm, small central nucleus
7List the epithelial cells by nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
renal tubular epithelial > transitional epithelial > squamous epithelial (smallest nucleus and largest cytoplasm)
8Where are transitional epithelial cells located?
cells that line the bladder
9Where are the renal tubular cells located?
from nephron tubules
10What is the characteristic of renal tubular cells?
nucleus pushed to one side, large nucleus and small granular cytoplasm (comparatively)
11How much bacteria needs to be seen to indicate infection?
even distribution (not just a couple)
12Is sperm in urine viable?
no its dead
13What is schistosomas?
nematode worms with differentiating spikes depending on worm; resides in blood vessels of bladder and intestinal tract
14What is present in pyelonephritis?
leukocyte casts
15When are erythrocyte cast (RBC casts) seen?
in glomerulonephritis
16What are hyaline casts?
casts of no cellular structures, doesn’t indicate anything but may increase with dehydration
same refractive index as water
17When are oval fat bodies seen?
nephrotic syndrome
18What stain detects oval fat bodies?
sternheimer-malbin stain (stains lipids to confirm presence)
19What does oval fat bodies and fatty casts indicate?
tubular degeneration
20What disease would you see renal tubular epithelial cells?
from ischemia or nephrotoxicity
*causes the degeneration of death of tubular epithelial cells
ischemia : inadequate blood supply
21What is the final stage of cast degeneration?
waxy casts
developed in collecting ducts
22What are the acidic crystals?
calcium oxalate crystals
urate amorphous crystals
tyrosine crystals
cystine crystals
hippuric acid crystals
uric acid crystals
cholesterol crystals
23What are neutral crystals?
calcium oxalate crystals
(slightly) hippuric acid crystals
tyrosine crystals
24What are alkaline crystals?
calcium oxalate crystals
calcium carbonate crystals
hippuric acid crystals
ammonium urate crystals
phosphate amorphous crystals
struvite (triple phosphate) crystals
25What are the 2 kinds of amorphous crystals?
urate amorphous crystals and phosphate amorphous crystals
26How do you tell the difference between amorphous crystals?
looks the same under the microscope, only pH will tell them apart
27How do you get rid of amorphous crystals?
warm up (bring back to room temp)
28What is amorphous crystals associated with?
diet and hydration
29What crystal is seen in ethylene glycol poisoning?
calcium oxalate monohydrate
30What is the 'rosette' crystal?
gout
31What crystal causes gout?
uric acid crystals
32What is triple phosphate crystals composed of?
magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate (triple phosphate)
33Who are most prone to struvite crystals?
females with a chronic history of UTI (because bacteria break down urea to ammonia, therefore increased ammonia buildup)
34What is another name for triple phosphate crystals?
struvite crystals
35What disease do you see ammonium urate (biurate) crystals?
liver disease
36What disease do you see bilirubin crystals?
liver disease, hepatic disorders (anything that affects bilirubin metabolism)
37What disease do you see cholesterol crystals?
liver disease (due to affecting cholesterol metabolism)
38When do you see cystine crystals?
proximal tubular defect in aa reabsorption
39What diseases are associated with leucine crystals?
liver disorders in which amino acid metabolism is impaired
40How can you tell the difference between leucine crystals and calcium carbonate?
no concentric circles, instead has radial lines
41When do you see tyrosine crystals?
tyrosinemia / tyrosinuria
42When do you see sulfonamide crystals?
from sulfa drugs (antibiotics), medications