1What measures lung function?
Spirometers
2What is tidal volume?
Air breathed in and out normally
3What is ventilation rate?
Breaths per minute
4What is normal ventilation rate?
15 breaths per minute
5What is forced vital capacity (FVC)?
Maximum air exhaled after deep breath
6What is forced expiratory volume (FEV1)?
Air exhaled in 1 second
7What does tuberculosis (TB) cause?
Lung damage and immune response
8What forms in lungs due to TB?
Hard lumps called tubercles
9What happens to alveoli in TB?
Gas exchange surface is damaged
10What symptoms does TB cause?
Coughing, chest pain, fatigue, blood
11What causes fibrosis?
Lung scarring from infection or asbestos exposure
12What does fibrosis affect in the lungs?
Reduces lung expansion and FVC
13What does fibrosis thicken?
Alveolar epithelium
14What symptoms does fibrosis cause?
Shortness of breath, weakness, pain
15What is emphysema caused by?
Smoking or air pollution
16What damages alveoli in emphysema?
Inflammation from trapped particles
17What happens to alveoli walls in emphysema?
They are destroyed, reducing elasticity
18What does emphysema reduce?
Surface area for gas exchange
19What symptoms does emphysema cause?
Shortness of breath, wheezing, fatigue
20What happens to energy levels in lung disease?
Less oxygen leads to less energy
21What is asthma?
Inflamed and irritated airways
22What triggers asthma?
Allergic reactions to pollen or dust
23What happens during an asthma attack?
Smooth muscle contracts, mucus builds
24What symptoms does asthma cause?
Wheezing, breathlessness, tight chest
25How is asthma treated?
Inhalers to relax airway muscles
26What reduces gas exchange in lung disease?
Damage to alveoli or airway obstruction