The effects of lung disease
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1
What measures lung function?
Spirometers
2
What is tidal volume?
Air breathed in and out normally
3
What is ventilation rate?
Breaths per minute
4
What is normal ventilation rate?
15 breaths per minute
5
What is forced vital capacity (FVC)?
Maximum air exhaled after deep breath
6
What is forced expiratory volume (FEV1)?
Air exhaled in 1 second
7
What does tuberculosis (TB) cause?
Lung damage and immune response
8
What forms in lungs due to TB?
Hard lumps called tubercles
9
What happens to alveoli in TB?
Gas exchange surface is damaged
10
What symptoms does TB cause?
Coughing, chest pain, fatigue, blood
11
What causes fibrosis?
Lung scarring from infection or asbestos exposure
12
What does fibrosis affect in the lungs?
Reduces lung expansion and FVC
13
What does fibrosis thicken?
Alveolar epithelium
14
What symptoms does fibrosis cause?
Shortness of breath, weakness, pain
15
What is emphysema caused by?
Smoking or air pollution
16
What damages alveoli in emphysema?
Inflammation from trapped particles
17
What happens to alveoli walls in emphysema?
They are destroyed, reducing elasticity
18
What does emphysema reduce?
Surface area for gas exchange
19
What symptoms does emphysema cause?
Shortness of breath, wheezing, fatigue
20
What happens to energy levels in lung disease?
Less oxygen leads to less energy
21
What is asthma?
Inflamed and irritated airways
22
What triggers asthma?
Allergic reactions to pollen or dust
23
What happens during an asthma attack?
Smooth muscle contracts, mucus builds
24
What symptoms does asthma cause?
Wheezing, breathlessness, tight chest
25
How is asthma treated?
Inhalers to relax airway muscles
26
What reduces gas exchange in lung disease?
Damage to alveoli or airway obstruction
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