Human Transport

Plasma
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets

A pale yellow liquid that carries everything you need to transport around the body in suspension
55% of the blood
Mostly made up of water
Carries red and white blood cells
Carries glucose from the small intestine to the cells
Carries amino acids from the small intestine to the cells
Carries carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs
Carries urea from the liver to the kidneys
Carries hormones from the glands to the cells
Carries heat energy from the cells to all over the body

Bind to oxygen and transport it from the lungs to all the cells in the body

Small and have a biconcave shape to give a large surface area for absorbing and releasing oxygen
Contain haemoglobin (which gives the blood its colour as it contains a lot of iron) which reacts with oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin in the lungs, the reverse reaction happening in the body tissue to release oxygen to the cells
Don't have a nucleus, freeing up space for more haemoglobin so they can carry more oxygen

Carry blood away from the heart
Heart pumps blood out at high pressure
Thick walls
Thick layer of muscles and elastic fibres
Small lumen
No valves
Largest artery in the body is the aorta

Carry blood towards the heart
Low pressure
Thin walls
Large lumen to help the blood flow despite the low pressure
Valves to help keep the blood flowing in the right direction
Largest vein in the body is the vena cava

Carry the blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them
Have permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out
Supply glucose and oxygen and take away waste products like carbon dioxide
Walls are very thin- only one cell thick- increasing the rate of diffusion
Very small lumen
No valves
Medium blood pressure
Takes blood both towards and away from the heart

Tiny fragments of cells found in the blood
When skin is cut or wounded, platelets clump together, held together by a mesh of protein called fibrin. This is known as blood clotting, preventing blood loss and microorganisms from entering through the wound

When pathogens (microorganisms that cause disease) enter your body, they begin to reproduce rapidly and it is the job of the immune system to destroy them. The immune system contains two different types of white blood cells that destroy pathogens.

Detect things that are foreign to the body and then engulf them and, using digestive enzymes, digest them
Non-specific so will engulf any type of pathogen or anything that is not supposed to be there
Has a lobed nucleus as it needs to change shape to be flexible to engulf bacteria

Produce antibodies that are complementary to the antigens on the pathogen when they detect foreign antigens
Specific so will only attack one type of pathogen
Antibodies stick pathogens together
Memory cells are also produced in response to foreign antigens and they remain in the body and remember a specific antigen so they can reproduce very fast if the same antigen enters the body again

It can take your lymphocytes a while to produce antibodies when you're infected with a new pathogen and during that time you can get very ill so you can be vaccinated to avoid this
Involves injecting dead or inactive pathogens into the body that carry the antigens so they trigger an immune response (your lymphocytes produce antibodies to attack them and memory cells are also produced) even though they are harmless so if pathogens of the same type enter your body, the antibodies to destroy them will be produced much faster and in greater numbers

Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava
The deoxygenated blood moves through to the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary vein
The oxygenated blood then moves through to the left ventricle which pumps it out round the whole body via the aorta
Left ventricle has a much thicker wall than the right ventricle as it needs more muscle to pump blood around the whole body as opposed to just the lungs
Left ventricle has a higher blood pressure

When you exercise, your muscles need more energy so you respire more
You need to get more oxygen into the cells and remove more carbon dioxide so your blood has to flow faster so your heart rate increases
Exercise increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood and high levels of CO2 in the blood are detected by receptors in the aorta and cartoid artery which send signals to the brain, which sends signals to the heart, causing it to contract more frequently and with more force

When an organism is threatened, the adrenal glands release adrenaline which binds to specific receptors in the heart, causing the cardiac muscle to contract more frequently and with more force so heart rate increases and the heart pumps more blood, increasing oxygen supply to the tissues, getting the body ready for action

Made up of the heart and blood vessels
Responsible for transporting blood around the body so that glucose and oxygen can be delivered and waste products removed
Arteries carry oxygenated blood apart from pulmonary artery
Veins carry deoxygenated blood apart from pulmonary vein
Pulmonary means to do with the lungs
Hepatic means to do with the liver
Renal means to do with the kidneys
Coronary means to do with the heart
Jugular means away from the brain
Cartoid means towards the brain

When the coronary artieries that supply the blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up which causes arteries to become narrow so blood flow is restricted and there is a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle which can lead to a heart attack

Having a diet high in saturated fat which can lead to fatty deposits forming in the arteries
Smoking which increases blood pressure which causes damage to the inside of the coronary arteries as do the chemicals in cigarette smoke, and the damage makes it more likely that fatty deposits will form
Being inactive which leads to high blood pressure which can damage the lining of the arteries