Microbial Metabolism
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1
What is metabolism?
The total of all biochemical processes occurring in a cell.
2
What are the two major categories of metabolism?
Anabolism and catabolism.
3
What is anabolism?
The building of larger, more complex molecules from smaller molecules.
4
Does anabolism require or release energy?
It requires energy.
5
What is catabolism?
The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules.
6
Does catabolism require or release energy?
It releases energy.
7
What is a useful way to remember anabolism?
Anabolic processes build things, such as muscle.
8
What happens to nutrients during catabolism?
They are broken down into smaller precursor molecules.
9
What is the main energy-carrying molecule produced during catabolism?
ATP.
10
How are the products of catabolism used in anabolism?
Small precursor molecules and ATP provide the building blocks and energy for synthesis.
11
What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into protein.
12
What is transcription?
The process of copying genetic information from DNA into RNA.
13
What is translation?
The process of using RNA instructions to build a protein.
14
What enzyme carries out transcription?
RNA polymerase.
15
What cellular structure carries out translation?
The ribosome.
16
What is the genotype?
The genetic information encoded in an organism's DNA.
17
What is the phenotype?
The observable traits and behaviors expressed by an organism.
18
How does the coding DNA strand compare with the mRNA sequence?
The sequences are the same except RNA uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).
19
In which direction is RNA read during translation?
From 5′ to 3′.
20
What is the usual start codon?
AUG.
21
Where does most ATP production during respiration occur?
At the electron transport chain.
22
Where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotic cells?
In the inner mitochondrial membrane.
23
Where is the electron transport chain located in bacteria?
In the cytoplasmic membrane.
24
What are the major types of electron-carrier components described in the lecture?
Flavoproteins, small non-protein carriers, iron-containing proteins, and cytochromes.
25
What is the role of electron carriers in the electron transport chain?
They pass electrons from one component to another.
26
What happens when NADH donates electrons to the electron transport chain?
The energy released helps drive proton pumping across the membrane.
27
What does the electron transport chain use energy from electrons to do?
Pump protons across the membrane.
28
What is the proton motive force?
Stored energy created by an electrochemical gradient of protons across a membrane.
29
How is the proton motive force generated?
Protons are pumped across a membrane, creating differences in charge and proton concentration.
30
What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?
It is the final electron acceptor.
31
What is formed when oxygen accepts electrons and combines with protons?
Water.
32
What is the main purpose of building a proton gradient?
To store energy that can be used to make ATP.
33
What is chemiosmosis?
The use of the proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis.
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