Organic chem reactions

haloalkane
UV light
substitution reaction
substitutes one halogen at a time

CO2 + H2O
complete combustion
CO + H2O
incomplete combustion

alcohol + salt
KOH or NaOH
no catalyst
substitution

amine + hydrogen halide
no catalyst
substitution

alcohol + hydrogen halide
catalyst (AgNO3) or heat
substitution

alkane
solid Ni or Pt catalyst
addition/hydrogenation reaction

dihaloalkane
no catalyst
addition

chloroalkane
no catalyst
can form different isomers
addition

alcohol
heat (300°C) + H3PO4
favours secondary/tertiary alcohols over primary
addition/hydration reactions

tertiary alcohol > nothing (can't be oxidised)
secondary alcohol > ketone
primary alcohol > aldehyde > carboxylic acid
H+/Cr2O7^2- or MnO4^- oxidants
can change colours based on oxidation state

ester + H2O
concentrated H2SO4 + heat
condensation reaction - esterification

dilute acid: alcohol + carboxylic acid
dilute base: alcohol + alkanoate (+acid: carboxylic acid)

fatty esters (biodiesel if using methanol) + glycerol
KOH catalyst
transesterification

actual mass of product obtained/theoretical mass of product obtained
use limiting reagent

molar mass of useful products/molar mass of all reactants/all products

use renewable feedstocks
use catalysts
designing safer chemicals

homopolymers - one type of monomer
copolymers - two or more different polymers

dipeptide (or polypeptide) + H2O - peptide links
condensation (polymerisation)
made in ribosomes

di/polysaccharide + H2O - glycosidic link
CARBOHYDRATES: starch (plant energy) - amylose (straight)/amylpectin (branched), glycogen (very branched, animal energy), cellulose (plant cell walls)

triglyceride + 3 H2O
condensation
non-polar, insoluble in water

amino acids
catalysed by enzymes: protease
lab catalysed: 6M HCl, 100°C 24h

disaccharides then monosaccharides
amylase breaks down polysaccharides, maltase breaks down disaccharides