Disinfection By-Products (DBPs)

MRDL stands for Maximum Residual _____________ Level (not "Detectable Level")

The enforceable standards that regulate the allowable concentration of DBPs in drinking water are known as... (abbv.)

Chlorine/chloramine are commonly used by groundwater systems, while ___________ __________ is commonly used by surface water systems.

DBPs are created when disinfectants (chlorine, chloramine, chlorine dioxide) react with ____________ ___________ __________ present in the water.

Humic and _________ acids are examples of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) present in surface water.

Some water systems used ozone as an alternative to chlorine, which can react with natural compounds in the source water to create....

DBP concentration will be ____________ (highest/lowest) at the furthest points along the distribution system

Ammonia addition can ______________ (increase/decrease) the formation of bromate.

Adding ozone to water that is __________ (acidic / basic) can reduce the formation of bromate.

One of the best ways to control the formation of bromate and other DBPs is to manipulate __________ ________ during water treatment.

A good way to reduce DBPs is to _____________ NOMs and bromide ("DBP precursors") from water before adding disinfectants.

Granulated activated carbon (GAC), coagulation, and filtration are methods of ______ _____________ removal.

The Disinfection Byproducts Rule that states water systems can average their DBPs test results across their distribution system, using the average as their official DBP result (RAA: Running Annual Average).

The Disinfection Byproducts Rule that states water systems cannot average their DBPs test results across their distribution system, instead they must isolate results to specific sampling locations (LRAA: Locational Running Annual Average).

Which Disinfection Byproducts Rule is enforced to day: Stage 1 or Stage 2?

Stage 2 requires water systems to monitor DBP compliance by using results from sampling locations with the highest TTHM and _______. If one site is highest for both, they must choose the site with the next-highest _______. In total, 2 locations ae always required for DBP monitoring.

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the ________ form of chlorine.

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is ________% (range) available chlorine by weight.

Household bleach is ______% available chlorine by weight.

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is ____________ in color.

Calcium hypochlorite (CaClO2) is the _________ form of chlorine.

Calcium hypochlorite (CaClO2) is _________% (range) available chlorine by weight.

Calcium hypochlorite (CaClO2) is found as powder or tablets that are ________ in color.

Gaseous chlorine is ______________ in color.

Gaseous chlorine is ___________% (range) available chlorine by weight.

Gaseous chlorine is _______ times heavier than air.

Gaseous chlorine must always be vented from the...

_________________ chlorination is the addition of chlorine until all chlorine demands have been satisfied (ie. additional chlorine isn't necessary and may cause taste/odor problems).

The ______ chlorine residual is measurable only after breakpoint chlorination as been achieved.

A primary concern of TTHMs and HAA5s is that they are...