1Ionic bonding
transfer of electrons between metal and non-metal
2Covalent bonding
relative equal sharing of electrons between two atoms
3Lewis Structure Basic Rules
1. Determine total valance e-
2. Place atoms and make bonds
3. subtract bond # from total e-
4. Place remaining valence e-
4How many bonds does carbon want to make
4
53 classes of bonding
ionic
polar covalent
nonpolar covalent
6What what electronegativity difference do polar covalent bonds arise at
0.5 - 2
Ionic > 2
Covalent < 0.5
7inductive effect (polarity of a bond)
shifting of electrons in a bond toward the more electronegative atom
8Dipole moment aka
The polarity of a molecule
The vector sum of all bond polarities inside a molecule
9Common atoms that create inductive effects when bonded to carbon
O, N, F, Cl, Br (towards these atoms)
10Sp3
4 groups around the atom
Group (atom or lone PAIR)
11Sp2
3 groups around the atom
12Sp
1 group around the atom
13Tetrahedral bond angle
109.5 degrees
14Formal charge hack
difference between wanted valence electrons and (bond + number of existing valence electrons in molecule)
15Relative importance of Resonance Structure
1. Identical Resonance (in benzenes)
2. Minimize charges
3. Complete Octets
4. Negative charge on more electronegative atom
16what does strength of acid increase respective of
electronegativity and size of bonded atom (to hydrogen)
17What polar effects effect acid strength
Resonance
Inductive Effects
Hybridization
18Sp2 trigonal planar rule
if lone pair on an atom is one space away from a pi bond, it does not contribute to hybridization