1What makes the cytoskeleton highly dynamic?
Its protein filaments constantly assemble and disassemble
2What cellular processes depend on cytoskeleton dynamics?
Cell movement, division, and shape changes
3What protein subunits form actin filaments?
Actin monomers
4How are actin filaments structurally arranged?
Two strands of actin twisted together
5In what structures do actin filaments commonly occur?
Bundles
6What cellular extensions are formed by actin during movement?
Pseudopodia
7What role does actin play during cytokinesis?
Forms a contractile belt that divides the cytoplasm
8What protein subunits make up microtubules?
Tubulin
9What is the shape of a microtubule?
A hollow tube
10What cytoskeletal element provides tracks for motor proteins?
Microtubules
11What role do microtubules play during mitosis?
They move chromosomes
12What cytoskeletal structure forms the core of cilia and flagella?
Microtubules
13What is the characteristic microtubule arrangement in cilia and flagella?
Nine pairs surrounding two central microtubules
14What motor protein drives bending of cilia and flagella?
Dynein
15What happens when cilia are anchored to a cell surface?
They move fluid across the surface
16What is an example of cilia function in humans?
Sweeping mucus from the lungs
17What structure do microtubules grow from in animal cells?
The centrosome
18What structures make up the centrosome?
A pair of centrioles
19How are microtubules arranged in centrioles?
Nine triplets arranged in a ring
20What happens to centrioles during cell division?
They replicate and migrate to opposite poles
21What is the role of centrioles in mitosis?
Organize the mitotic spindle
22What proteins are required for organelle movement inside cells?
Intracellular molecular motor proteins
23Which motor proteins move along microtubules?
Kinesin and dynein
24How do kinesin and dynein differ in movement?
They move in opposite directions
25What is the diameter range of intermediate filaments?
Approximately 8–12 nanometers
26What mechanical property are intermediate filaments specialized for?
Bearing tension
27What cellular role do intermediate filaments serve?
Reinforce cell shape and fix organelle position
28How stable are intermediate filaments compared to actin and microtubules?
They are more permanent
29What family of proteins commonly forms intermediate filaments?
Keratins
30What are the two major keratin groups?
Type I and Type II keratins
31What intermediate filament proteins are important for nuclear structure?
Lamins
32What disease is caused by mutations in keratin genes K5 or K14?
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
33What role does the cytoskeleton play in cell mobility?
Allows cells to change shape and move
34Which cells in the human body show high mobility?
Immune cells
35Why is cytoskeletal coordination important?
Different filament systems work together for movement and stability
36What is meant by cytoskeleton cooperation?
Coordination between actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
37Why is cytoskeleton cooperation essential?
To integrate structure, transport, and movement