the cytoskeleton
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1
What makes the cytoskeleton highly dynamic?
Its protein filaments constantly assemble and disassemble
2
What cellular processes depend on cytoskeleton dynamics?
Cell movement, division, and shape changes
3
What protein subunits form actin filaments?
Actin monomers
4
How are actin filaments structurally arranged?
Two strands of actin twisted together
5
In what structures do actin filaments commonly occur?
Bundles
6
What cellular extensions are formed by actin during movement?
Pseudopodia
7
What role does actin play during cytokinesis?
Forms a contractile belt that divides the cytoplasm
8
What protein subunits make up microtubules?
Tubulin
9
What is the shape of a microtubule?
A hollow tube
10
What cytoskeletal element provides tracks for motor proteins?
Microtubules
11
What role do microtubules play during mitosis?
They move chromosomes
12
What cytoskeletal structure forms the core of cilia and flagella?
Microtubules
13
What is the characteristic microtubule arrangement in cilia and flagella?
Nine pairs surrounding two central microtubules
14
What motor protein drives bending of cilia and flagella?
Dynein
15
What happens when cilia are anchored to a cell surface?
They move fluid across the surface
16
What is an example of cilia function in humans?
Sweeping mucus from the lungs
17
What structure do microtubules grow from in animal cells?
The centrosome
18
What structures make up the centrosome?
A pair of centrioles
19
How are microtubules arranged in centrioles?
Nine triplets arranged in a ring
20
What happens to centrioles during cell division?
They replicate and migrate to opposite poles
21
What is the role of centrioles in mitosis?
Organize the mitotic spindle
22
What proteins are required for organelle movement inside cells?
Intracellular molecular motor proteins
23
Which motor proteins move along microtubules?
Kinesin and dynein
24
How do kinesin and dynein differ in movement?
They move in opposite directions
25
What is the diameter range of intermediate filaments?
Approximately 8–12 nanometers
26
What mechanical property are intermediate filaments specialized for?
Bearing tension
27
What cellular role do intermediate filaments serve?
Reinforce cell shape and fix organelle position
28
How stable are intermediate filaments compared to actin and microtubules?
They are more permanent
29
What family of proteins commonly forms intermediate filaments?
Keratins
30
What are the two major keratin groups?
Type I and Type II keratins
31
What intermediate filament proteins are important for nuclear structure?
Lamins
32
What disease is caused by mutations in keratin genes K5 or K14?
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
33
What role does the cytoskeleton play in cell mobility?
Allows cells to change shape and move
34
Which cells in the human body show high mobility?
Immune cells
35
Why is cytoskeletal coordination important?
Different filament systems work together for movement and stability
36
What is meant by cytoskeleton cooperation?
Coordination between actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
37
Why is cytoskeleton cooperation essential?
To integrate structure, transport, and movement
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