PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

- Yellow color of the urine
- Product of endogenous metabolism, and under normal conditions
- Increases in urine that stands at room temperature

- Pink pigment
- Resulting in the precipitation of amorphous urates in acid urine
- Attached to the urates, giving a pink color to the sediments

- An oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent
urobilinogen.
- Imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh.

may not always signify a normal concentrated
urine but can be caused by the presence of the abnormal pigment bilirubin.

presence is suspected if yellow foam appears when the specimen is
shaken.

yellow foam does not appear when the specimen is shaken.
-produces a yellow-orange urine

Photo-oxidation of bilirubin imparts a yellow-green color to the urine

caused by the administration of phenazopyridine (brand name Pyridium) or
azo-gantrisin compounds
• people who have urinary tract infections.

One of the most common causes of abnormal urine color is the presence of
blood.

RBCs remaining in an acidic urine for several hours produce a brown urine
due to the oxidation of HgB to methemoglobin

produce a red urine and result in a positive chemical test result
for blood

resulting from the in vivo breakdown
of RBCs is accompanied by red
plasma.

Breakdown of skeletal muscle
produces myoglobin.

Red urine may also be a result from the oxidation of porphobilinogen to
- They are often referred to as having the color of port wine.

Medications causes of Red Urine:

is an oxidation product of the colorless pigment, melanogen, produced in
excess when a malignant melanoma is present.

a metabolite of phenylalanine, imparts a black color to alkaline urine from
persons with the inborn-error of metabolism, called alkaptonuria

Medications that produce brown black urine

are limited to bacterial infections, including urinary tract infection by
Pseudomonas species and intestinal tract infections resulting in increased
urinary indican.
- Ingestion of breath deodorizers (Clorets)

Medications that produce Blue green urine

is a general term that refers to the transparency or turbidity of a urine
specimen.

Common terminology used to report clarity includes

Freshly voided normal urine is usually clear, particularly if it is a midstream
clean-catch specimen. Precipitation of amorphous phosphates and
carbonates may cause a white cloudiness.

Produce a white precipitate in urine with an alkaline pH

Produces a precipitate in acidic urine that resembles pink brick dust due to
the presence of uroerythrin,

PATHOLOGIC TURBIDITY

- used to determine whether specimen concentration is adequate to ensure
the accuracy of chemical test

determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by
measuring refractive index.

Comparison of the velocity of light in the air with the velocity of light in
a solution.

consists of a weighted float
attached to a scale that has been calibrated in
terms of urine specific gravity

based on the principle that the
frequency of a sound wave entering a solution changes in proportion to the
density of the solution.

is affected only by the number of particles present.
- refers to the concentration of solute particles in urine by weight
(measured in mOsm/kg of water).

can be determined by measuring a property that is mathematically related
to the number of particles in the solution (colligative property) and comparing this value with the value obtained from the pure solvent.

measures solute concentration by volume (mOsm/L of solution)

provided a convenient way to per form the routine urinalysis by eliminating
the need for an additional procedure.

Reagent Strip Indicator changes from

Although it is seldom of clinical significance and is not a part of the routine
urinalysis, it is a noticeable physical property