Cells and Organisation

the fundamental units of all living organisms

groups of similar cells that act together to perform a function

groups of distinct tissues that work together to perform a specific function

groups of organs that work together to perform a particular task

the highest level of organisation in a multicellular organism made of multiple organ systems

biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions

enzymes made by specialised cells in the glands and lining of the gut

Amylase, protease, lipase and maltase

Starch into maltose

small intestine, pancreas and salivary glands

Proteins into amino acids

small intestine and stomach

maltose into glucose

small intestine

lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

small intestine and pancreas

emulsifies fats and neutralises acid from the stomach to prevent denaturation

use Benedict’s solution- if the blue solution changes to yellow, orange or red after being heated, glucose is present

use iodine solution- if the food turns blue-black, there’s starch present

use biuret reagent- if the solution goes purple-pink, there’s protein present

use ethanol- if the solution becomes a cloudy emulsion, there’s fats present

total sum of reactions in your cells

pulmonary artery, vena cava, left / right atrium, left / right ventricle, pulmonary vein, valves

-Deoxygenated blood enters the vena cava into the atria
-The atria contract and forces deoxygenated blood into the right ventricle
- The right ventricle contracts and pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery, which carries the blood to the lungs
- The blood leaves the lungs and enters the pulmonary vein into the left atrium
- The left atrium contracts the oxygenated blood into the left ventricle, which contra ts and pumps the blood into the aorta, which travels around the body

Plasma, red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells

- The lungs contains little air sacs called alveoli, which are surrounded by capillaries
- Deoxygenated blood passes by the alveoli; oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli (high concentration) into the blood (low concentration) and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood (high concentration) into the alveoli (low concentration) to breathed out

- carry blood under high pressure
- thick walls with muscle fibre and elastic tissue
- small lumen

- large lumen
- have valves
- carry blood under low pressure

- carry blood under very low pressure
- walls are a cell thick
- substances diffuse easily across the wall

waxy cuticle, epidermal tissue, palisade mesophyll, xylem, phloem, spongy mesophyll, stomata

epidermal tissue- protects the whole plant
palisade mesophyll- where photosynthesis occurs
spongy mesophyll- allow gas diffusion
xylem- transport water and minerals ions up from the roots to the leaves (transpiration)
phloem- transport food substances (mainly dissolved sugars) both ways (translocation)
stomata- allows gas exchange and diffuses water out as vapour

open and close the stomata by taking up water, which causes them to swell or losing water and growing limp

time of day (stomata closes at night) and water availability

light intensity, temperature, air flow and humidity

the movement of water and its dissolved minerals through a plant in only one direction; the roots to the leaves

they're dead cells, which means they're hollow and have little resistance to water flow
they have no end walls which can form a long tube for transport
lignin in cell wall strengthens and waterproofs elongated cells

using a potometer

the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration

the net movement of water particles form an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane

the net movement of particles from an area of low concentration to high concentration

Nerve cells; they can carry lots of electrical impulses through having lots of dendrites to make connections, an axon that carries the impulse from one place to another and the synapses pass impulses through transmitter chemcials

Muscle cells and sperm cells

Root hair cells; they have large surface areas and long projections, a permanent vacuole and many mitochondria to speed up osmosis and active transport

xylem, phloem and photosynthetic cells

process of moving byproducts of photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant