Ecosystems and Climate (201 Midterm)

Structure, function, complexity, interaction, and temporal change

Albedo, radiation, energy budget, wind, temp (latitude, energy, GHG), moisture (seasonal, distribution, humidity, VP)

Reflexctivity of a surface (ex: snow is high)

electromagnetic energy

long wave, reflected back into space

absorbed by gasses

incoming radiation - terrestrial radiation

0

Moving away from equator = more terrestrial radiation bc less net radiation

Warm air rises = low surface pressure

orbit shape, axis tilt, sunspot activity, magnetic storms on sun

Less snow, changing stream flows, warmer waters, increased flood/fire/pest risk

evaporation rate = condensation rate

pressure exerted by water vapor at capacity

When saturation pressure is exceeded

air up mountain, cools, reaches dew point, cools, creates precipitation at higher altitudes

Cool dry air on other side, warms as it descends, pulls moisture from surface, creates rain shadow

Saturation vapor pressure///vapor pressure

Retains leaves, photosynthesis when possible, holds water in summer, gains nutrients in winter

As height increases leaf water potential decreases, creating hydrological constraints

Light is dominant in lower canopy, hydrostatic limitations in upper canopy

Incest in protective molecules and structures

short warm summers, mild winters, dry summers

summer

Lack of disturbances, slow progression to max foliage, structure/duration of productivity

Less in coniferous because respiration is lower due to evaporative demand

bigger leaf = more photosynthesis = more biomass

ratio of carbon fixed per unit of water lost

humidity and water vapor in leaves

Photosynthetically active radiation

Productivity rate after respiration

more N = more rubisco+ chlorophyll = more P

more roots

rate of accumulation increases with tree size

Harsh/long winter reduces energy cost of cold tolerance

physical foundation, water holding capacity, temp regulation, root aeration, toxin protection, nutrients

19, 3 don't come from soil directly

Nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous

Nutrients dissolve in water

water fills up all pore spaces and held by capillary forces

Greatest water holding capacity, smaller particles = more surface area for ion exchange

50:50

climate, organisms, relief/topography, parent material, time

Organic material, topsoil, eluviated, parent material, bedrock

when birth and growth rates are max

rate of energy stored in lower level

dead matter