Anatomy Basics: Planes and Landmarks

The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them.

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.

Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions.

horizontal (cross-sectional) plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.

An imaginary line where the body is cut into left and right parts.
( but not necessarily equal portions)

An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor.

Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle.

The body contain 206

A bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage.

connects bone to bone

The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

Connects bone to bone

The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bone;

also forms the nasal septum and portion of the outer ear.

The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage.

The chest or rib cage.

The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle.

The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels.
Also part of the torso
- form 12 vertebrae

Is one of the two skull group bone and is composed of a number of thick bones.
That fuse together to form above the eyes and ears that hold And protects the brain.

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.
1. Occiput

1. The most posterior portion of the cranium.

2. The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples.
3. Parietal bones

3. The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium.

4. The portion of the cranium that forms the forehead.

The upper jawbone that assist in the formation of the orbit, nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth.

The quadrangular bone of the cheek, articulating (form a joint.) with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and great wings of the sphenoid bone.

A portions of the sphenoid seen exteriorly anterior to the temporal and forming a part of the eye orbits.
1. Orbit (orbital cavity)

1.The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and the zygoma.

2. The bone of the lower jaw.
1. The body composed of how many bones ?

1. 206 bones

2. Is the 33 bones that make up the spinal column.
Cervical 7, Thoracic spine 12, Lumbar spine 5, Sacrum 5, and Coccyx 4.

The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck.
1. Vertebrae is called: Atlas
2. Vertebrae is called: Axis

The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae.

The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine.

5 vertebrae that fused together to form one bone and two iliac (pelvic bones)
- That make up the pelvic ring.
- The strong ligaments at the sacroiliac joints to form the pelvis.

The last 3 or 4 vertebrae of the spine.

also know as: the tail bone

Is the breastbone of the chest and superior border form for easily palpable stern notch.
- Its location is where the trachea enters the chest.
- Has 3 components: Manubrium, the body, and xiphoid process.
1. manubrium

1. The upper bony structure of the sternum.

2. The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum.

1. The place where two bones come into contact.
Consists:
1. Bone ends
2. Fibrous joint capsule
3. Synovial membrane
4. Ligaments
1. Joint capsule

1. A fibrous tissue/sac that encloses bone ends and other joint surfaces

2. A type of joint that has grown together to form a very stable connection.

The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column.
Consists:
1. Thick ligaments
2. Little motion

A pearly white substance that allows moving end joints to glide easily and covered with thin layer of cartilage.
Also known as: Articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends)

Is the inner lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.

The small amount of liquid within an end joint used as lubrication made by synovial membrane.
1. Ball and socket joint

1. A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending.

2. A joint that can be bend (flexion) and straighten (extension) but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane. Ex fingers joint, elbow and knee.

The proximal portion of the upper extremity, made up of the clavicle, the scapula, and the humerus.
1. Clavicle

1. The collar bone that makes up the should girdle.

2. The shoulder blade that makes up the shoulder girdle.
Which Lies in the muscular tissues and posterior of the thoracic wall

The supporting bone of the upper arm is
also makes up the shoulder girdle.

The inner bone proximal (next to) forearm, on the side opposite the thumb that help form the elbow joint.

The bone that lies on the lateral or thumb side of the distal forearm.
Also larger than the ulna

Is a modified ball-and-socket joint formed by the radius and ulna that contains 8 bones called carpal bones.

- It contains 5 metacarpal
- Anterior surface is called palm
- Posterior surface is called dorsal.
- 5 fingers/digits bones are called phalanges
- thumb composed of 2 phalanges
- other four digits each contain 3 phalanges

Is a closed bony ring that consists of the 3 bones. Also:
formed together is ilium, ischium, pubis.
And has scrum, acetabulum and pubic symphysis.
1. Ischium
2. Ilium

Is the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.

A hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion.

The depression on the lateral pelvis (the pelvic girdle) where its three components bones join, in which the femoral head is connected.

The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body.

The proximal end of the femur, connects with the acetabulum (the pelvic girdle) by a ball-and-socket joint.

the projection on the lateral/superior portion of the junction between the femoral head and shaft

The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur.

largest and most complex joint in the body
1. Connects upper leg to lower leg
2. Hinge joint (with motion retract to Flexation and extension)
3. Also a specialized bone called the patella.
1. Tibia

1. The shinbone, larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.

2. The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg

Is a system that gives
1. The body its shape
2. Protects fragile organs
3. Allows for movement
4. Stores calcium
5. Helps create blood cells

Is a mineral
1. That helps build hard resilient bones.
2. Helps heart, muscle and nerves work properly.

The bones and voluntary muscles of the body that's designed for
1. Form
2. Upright posture
3. Movement
4. Protection of vital internal organs

Is part of the musculoskeletal system that the muscle is attached to the bones of the skeleton/ at least one joint, voluntary control, and muscles mass of the body.

Is part of the musculoskeletal system is a involuntary muscle is found within blood vessels and intestines.

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.
Also is able to create is own electrical impulses.

Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; Also can be called skeletal, or striated, muscle.

Muscle that responds automatically to brain signals but cannot be consciously controlled (such as the heart).
1. Biceps

1. The large muscle that cover anterior of the humerus.

2. The muscle of the posterior arm also called three-headed muscle has (one on the scapula, two on the humerus) and one insertion on the ulna.

All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts.

1. Nasopharynx
2. Nose
3. Pharynx (roof of the mouth/soft palate
4. Oropharynx (throat)
5. Mouth (oral cavity)
6. Tongue
7. Jaw (mandible)
8. Epiglottis
9. Pharynx
10. Larynx (voice box) Divided between upper/lower airway
11. Laryngopharynx (base of trachea/esophagus posteriorly.

Is a (voice box)
a. Dividing line between the upper and lower airway.
b. Complex arrangement of tiny bones, cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea

(windpipe)
a. Located at the bottom of the pharynx.
b. The main truck for air to passing to and from the lungs.
c.Semi-rigid, enclosed air tube made up of rings of cartilage.

A thin leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering

1. trachea (windpipe)
2. aveoli
3. bronchi
4. bronchioles
5. Main bronchi

A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach, muscle contraction propel food and liquid through it to the stomach

A firm prominence of cartilage that for the upper part of the larynx. It is more prominent in men than in women. Also call the thyroid cartilage.

A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx.

A thin sheet of fascia (ligament) that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx.

The part of the lower airway below the larynx through which air enters to the branches of the left and a right side of the lungs.
RL is larger in diameter and straighter than the left because it supplies the larger lung
-LL is about twice as long

A point at which the trachea bifurcates (divides) into the left and right mainstem bronchi.

Is held in place by the trachea and contains an arteries, veins, and the pulmonary ligaments.
R lung has three lobes upper, middle, lower
L lung has two lobes upper, and lower

Is the smallest branches of the bronchi

Is subdivisions of the lung, with two on the left and three on the right. Within are the bronchi and bronchioles, which end in small 700 million grape-like sacs called alveoli.

Is million small air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

Is surround the thin tissue membranes of the alveoli; site of gas exchange in blood.
Carry the carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs and the oxygen from the lungs to the body.

A serous membrane covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space non-as plural space.
That has two layers visceral pleura/parietal pleural
1. Visceral pleura

1. The inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue.

2. The outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall
Between the two layers is a small amount of fluid that allows the tissues to glide smoothly.

The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura described as "potential" . It is because under normal conditions, the space does not exist. Has thin film of fluid.

1. A muscular dome-shaped that forms the undersurface of the thorax.
2. Primary muscle of breathing
3. Divides the thorax from the abdomen
4. Its automatic function is breathing.
2. It's characteristics of voluntary(skeletal)/ involuntary( smooth).

the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, moving the ribs up and out, enlarging the chest cavity, decreasing the pressure in the lungs (negative pressure), and moving air in. voluntary(skeletal)

the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, decreasing the chest cavity, increasing the pressure in the lungs, and moving air out. Carbon dioxide is removed from the lungs
involuntary( smooth).

The movement of air between the lungs and the environment.
1. Requires chest rise and fall.
2. artificial ventilation assist bag valve mask (BVM)

Movement of molecules (gas) from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
1. higher concentration- the air
2. Lower concentration- the bloodstream

The inhalation and exhalation of air, the physiologic process that exchange carbon dioxide from fresh air.
1. Via gas exchange
2. Help cells to receive oxygen and remove waste carbon dioxide
3. Also Help control pH level of the blood.

Is the portion of the Brian stem that senses pH changes in the cerebrospinal fluid and signals the diaphragm.
regulating vital function (breathing, digestion, heart rate)

1. Oxygen 16%
2. Carbon dioxide 3% to 5%
3. Nitrogen 79%

Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges.
providing protection, nourishment, and waste removal ( pH carbon dioxide and regulate acid-alkaline balance of the body.

Is part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.
two areas that help augment (increases)
1. respirations during emotional or physical stress
2. Involved in changing the depth of inspiration, expiration, or both.

is a small structure within the brain located just above the brain stem between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain and has extensive nerve connections to both. The main function is to relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.

Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain
Includes more than half of the brain mass
The surface is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

the three membranes (the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater) that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord.

A space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid

A "backup system" to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood.
It is less sensitive and less powerful than the carbon dioxide sensors in the brain stem.

The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume.
(Deepest breath you can take after normal breath).

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation.
- Average volume is about 1200 ML in the average adult man.

The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.
- It keeps the lungs open
-ex Wind knocked out

Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange in the alveoli.
- such as the mouth, trachea, bronchi and the bronchioles.

The volume of air breathed in one minute without conscious effort. Minute volume = Tidal Volume x (breaths/minute)
Or
Respiratory rate × tidal volume = minute volume

The Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath
- about 500 mL for an adult.
- rate and depth

The use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired. (Much slower or faster breathing than usual)
Normal Respiratory Rate Ranges
1. Adult

2. Children

1. Adult 12 to 20 breaths/min

2. Children 12 to 40 breaths/min

3. Infants 30 to 60 breath/min

Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breathing, sometimes scene in pt in cardiac arrest.

The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body. (Has two circuit Systemic & Pulmonary circulation)( aka heartlood vessels, cardiovascular system)

The general circulation of the blood through the body, as carries oxygen-rich blood flow from the left ventricle of the heart to the entire body and back to the heart via the right atrium

The circulation of blood that carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle through the lungs and back to the left atrium.
- Oxygen exchange takes place.
also called the lesser circulation.

A hollow, involuntary muscular organ, the pump of the circulatory system. - Control by autonomic nervous system and has it own electrical system without the central nervous system control.
- The septum divides it into L/R sides.
- Left side pump blood to the body and has high-pressure with more muscular.
- Right side pump blood to the lungs and has lower-pressure.- which includes nerves and blood vessels
1) Atrium (atria plural)

1) one of two upper chambers of the heart

2) one of two lower chambers of the heart
- thicker walled and larger

Is the largest blood vessel (arterial trunk) in the body. This artery is responsible for transporting oxygen rich blood from your heart to the rest of your body.
Begins at the left ventricle of the heart, extending upward into the chest to form an arch.

Blood comes into the right atrium from the body, moves into the right ventricle and is pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. After picking up oxygen, the blood travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, to the left ventricle and out to the body's tissues through the aorta.

The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
1) Heart Rate (HR)

1) Number of beats per minute

2) The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction. Also in 1 min blood volume of 5 to 6 L is circulated through a vessels.

A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate.
CO=HRxSV

The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand.

(Right Side) 1-Superior & Inferior Vena Cava, 2-Rt Atrium, 3-Tricuspid Valve, 4- Rt Ventricle, 5-Pulmonary Valve, 6-Pulmonary Artery, 7- Lungs-pick up oxygen,
left Side) 8-Pulmonary Veins, 9- Lt Atrium, 10- Mitral Valve (Bicuspid), 11-Lt Ventricle, 12- Aortic Valve, 13-Aorta, 14- Body

A blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.
- branch smaller then into arterioles then vest network of capillaries.

Carotid arteries - blood vessels to the Brain
Coronary arteries- blood vessels to the Heart
Hepatic arteries- blood vessels to the Liver
Renal arteries- Kidney
Mesenteric arteries- blood vessels to the Digestive system

The only artery that carrying oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
Also branches to pulmonary capillary system located in the thin walls of the alveoli.

The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries.

The wave of pressure created as the heart contact and forces blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries.

The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood cells.

Its a abnormal back flow to capillaries level by directing blood flows from an artery into a vein, bypassing some capillaries.(receive less blood) Normally, blood flows from your arteries to your capillaries, and then on to your veins

Muscular arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tube.
ex return, bladder, and blood vessels

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart and has a thinner wall than arteries to form SVC & IVC.

A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the extremities. Ex head, neck

A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the diaphragm. Ex lower extremity

Is resistance to blood flow within all the blood vessels except the pulmonary vessels (the higher the pressure of blood within the vessel)

A network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials. The primary function of the is to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body. located in the bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and the tonsils. The heart, lungs, intestines, liver, and skin also contain tissue.

An organ that is part of the lymphatic system; it produces lymphocytes(white blood cells) filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. Also assist in the immune response, hold about 450 ml of blood, and causes frequently injury abdominal injury.( blunt trauma severe internal bleeding)

Yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients. Also contains carbonic acid which dissolves. (transport carbon dioxide)

It contains hemoglobin which delivering oxygen to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system
Also called (haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes)

Blood cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. Also called leukocytes or leucocytes

Tiny, disk-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding.

A very weak acid formed in solution when carbon dioxide dissolves in water which dissolves in plasma.

The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them.
Systole blood pressure
vs

When pressure within the arteries causing cardiac muscle of the left ventricle contracts it pumps blood from the left ventricle into the aorta.
VS
When pressure within the arteries relax causing cardiac muscle of the ventricle relaxes so the ventricle fills with blood. Also relates to Afterload

Amount of blood returning to the heart.
- To little cause blood presser to falls
- To high cause the heart cannot move blood effectively

Pressure to be overcome when left ventricles contract ( pressure within the aorta) also same as Diastolic pressure

Is when nutrients move from the capillaries into this spaces (space in between the cells) and moves waste from cells through and into the capillaries.

Is one of the two main force inside the capillaries occurs as fluid pushes against the vessels walls to force fluid out the capillaries. (Aka container)

Is one of the two main force inside the capillaries occurs because proteins in the blood plasma cause water to be pulled into the capillaries by diffusion.

A hormone produced and secreted by the adrenal medulla that prolongs and increases the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
Also know as adrenaline

A hormone synthesized by the adrenal medulla; it stimulates the fight or flight response to sympathetic nervous system. A neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in treatment of shock produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulate properties. Also know as noradrenaline

Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause (Alpha- 1 ) constriction of blood vessels and increasing the blood flow pressure.
S/S skin become pale, cool, and clammy. Consist with the heart and blood vessels.

Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an (Beta-1) increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and (beta-2) bronchial dilation.

It detect pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels and in portions of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts

The system that controls almost all activities of the body both voluntary and involuntary. Composed of two major structures the brain and spinal cord.
Divided into two main portion central nervous system(CNS)( the brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system(PNS)(the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord that links CNS to various organs of the body)

Is part of the nervous system that controls most functions of the body and mind. It consists the brain and the spinal cord.

Is part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves.
(outside the brain and spinal cord.)

The part of the nervous system (PNS) that regulates the activities over which there is (voluntary)control.
Ex; walking, talking and writing.

Is part of the nervous system (PNS)
that regulates body functions that occur involuntary control.
Ex; digestion, dilation, and constriction of blood vessels, sweating.
Has two main divisions: Sympathetic. Parasympathetic.

Is a controlling organ of the body center of consciousness and responsible for all of voluntary body activities.
Three major subdivision are cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brain stem.

The largest part of the subdivisions of the brain and made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality.
Also called gray matter.
composed of four lobes frontal, partial, temporal, and occipital.

Is the largest lobes in the brain (cerebrum) and is responsible for motor areas control movements of voluntary skeletal muscles.
- Brian cells generate impulse sent along a nerve fibers that extend each cells into the spinal cord.
-Also common region of injury in traumatic brain injury.

Is the lobes of the brain (cerebrum) that has cells that receive sensory impulses from the peripheral nerves of the body.
sensory areas are responsible for the sensations of temperature, touch, pressure, and pain involving the skin.

Is the lobes of the brain (cerebrum) that's located in the back and receives visual impulses from the eyes
visual perception ex colour, form and motion.

Is the lobes of the brain (cerebrum) sit behind the ears and are the second largest lobe.
responsible for hearing

One of the three major subdivisions of the brain. It coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements.
also called the "little brain"

The brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum. Primary part of the (CNS) and controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration.
Composed of three sections; midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

The part of the brain stem that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness.
Located between the pons and the cerebral hemispheres

An organ that's part of the brain stem contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center.
Located below the midbrain and above the medulla.

Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.
- long stem-like structure which makes up the lower part of the brainstem. responsible for autonomic (involuntary) functions.

An extension of the brain stem composed of virtually all the nerves (nerve fibers) carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of and is protected by the spinal canal.

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.

One of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system that 'Fight or flight' increases alertness and metabolic activities in order to prepare the body for emergency situations.
Ex increase Hr, Resp, pupil dilation, glucose. (involuntary functions)

One of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the body's rest and digestion response when the body is relaxed, resting, or feeding.
Also decreases respiration and heart rate and increases digestion.
Mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine.

A neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system and part of the autonomic nervous system (a branch of the peripheral nervous system) that contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions, and slows heart rate.

Is a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.