1Which tissue lines the internal passageways and chambers?
Epithelial tissue
2Which tissue forms glands?
Epithelial tissue
3Which tissues composes the skin?
Epithelial tissue
4What is histology?
The study of tissues
5What are the 4 types of tissues?
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscular 4. Nervous
6Which tissue covers exposed surfaces?
Epithelial tissue
7What is a tissue?
Collections of specialized cells and cell products organized to perform specific functions
8Which tissue composes the lining of the digestive tract?
Epithelial tissue
9Which tissue composes the lining of the vessels?
Epithelial tissue
10Which tissue composes the lining of the body cavities?
Epithelial tissue
11What are the 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue?
1. Cellularity 2. Polarity 3. Attachment 4. Avascularity 5. Regeneration
12What does the cellularity characteristic of epithelial tissue mean?
The cells are packed closely together
13What does the polarity characteristic of epithelial tissue mean?
There are two surfaces of the epithelial tissue. The top is apical, and the bottom is the basal surface
14The apical surface of epithelial tissue is (exposed/attached) while the basal surface is (exposed/attached).
Exposed, attached
15What does the attachment characteristic of epithelial tissue mean?
The epithelial tissue is bound to underlying tissue of the basement membrane
16What is the basement membrane that epithelial tissue attaches to made of?
Epithelial and connective tissue
17What does the avascularity characteristic of epithelial tissue mean?
Lacks any veins that go into the tissue
18How does epithelial tissue obtain nutrients without veins?
Diffusion
19What does the regeneration characteristic of epithelial tissue mean?
Damaged cells are replaced continuously
20Which tissue functions as physical protection?
Epithelial tissue
21Which tissue controls the permeability of membranes or tissues?
Epithelial tissue
22Any substance that enters or leaves the body must cross which type of tissue?
Epithelial tissue
23Which tissue other than nervous tissue provides sensation by sensory nerves?
Epithelial tissue
24The movement of fluid over the epithelial surface is for what?
Protection and lubrication
25The movement of fluids through the epithelium is for what?
Controlling permeability
26The production of secretions by epithelial tissue is for what?
To provide physical protection and act as chemical messengersThe production of secretions by epithelial tissue is for what?
27What is simple epithelia?
A single layer of cells
28What is stratified epithelia?
Multiple layers of cells
29What shape is squamous epithelia?
Flat
30What shape is cuboidal epithelia?
Cubic
31What shape is columnar epithelia?
Long cubics
32How many types of and what cell layers do epithelial tissues make?
2; Simple or stratified
33How many types of and what shapes do epithelial tissues make?
3; Squamous, cuboidal, or columnar
34What does simple squamous epithelium look like?
A single layer of flat cells
35What type of epithelium functions for diffusion?
Simple squamous
36What type of epithelium functions for filtration?
Simple squamous
37What type of epithelium provides a slick, friction reducing lining in lymphatic and cardiovascular systems?
Simple squamous
38Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the air sacs/alveoli of the lungs?
Simple squamous
39Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the kidney glomeruli?
Simple squamous
40Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the lining of the heart?
Simple squamous
41Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the blood vessels?
Simple squamous
42Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the lymphatic vessels?
Simple squamous
43Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the serosae (serous membrane)?
Simple squamous
44What does simple cuboidal epithelium look like?
A single layer of cube-shaped cells with a central nuclei
45What type of epithelial tissue functions as limited protection, secretion, and absorption?
Simple cuboidal
46Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the glands?
Simple cuboidal
47Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the ducts?
Simple cuboidal
48Which type of epithelial tissue is found in portions of the kidney tubules?
Simple cuboidal
49Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the thyroid gland?
Simple cuboidal
50What type of epithelial tissue functions for protection, secretion, and absorption?
Simple columnar
51Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the lining of the stomach?
Simple columnar
52Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the lining of the intestines?
Simple columnar
53Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the lining of the uterine tubes?
Simple columnar
54Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the lining of the gallbladder?
Simple columnar
55Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the lining of the collecting ducts of the kidneys?
Simple columnar
56Which tissue produces specialized secretions?
Epithelial tissue (in glands)
57What is the state of the skin cells living on the uppermost skin surface that you see?
Dead and keratinized
58What is the stratified squamous epithelium?
Thick membrane composed of several cell layers
59What is the shape of the basal cells in stratified squamous epithelium?
Cuboidal or columnar
60The basal cells of the stratified squamous epithelium are metabolically (active/inactive).
Active
61What is the shape of the surface cells in stratified squamous epithelium?
Flattened/Squamous
62The flattened surface cells on the stratified squamous epithelium are (dead/alive) and (nonkeratinized/keratinized).
Dead, keratinized
63What is the role of the basal cells in the stratified squamous epithelium?
To actively make new cells for the more superficial layers. (Active in mitosis)
64Which type of epithelial tissue functions to protect underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion?
Stratified squamous epithelium
65Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the linings of the esophagus?
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
66Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the linings of the mouth?
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
67Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the linings of the vagina?
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
68Which type of epithelial tissue forms the skin?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
69What is stratified cuboidal epithelia?
Two or more cell layers of cuboidal cells
70What is stratified columnar epithelia?
Two or more cell layers of columnar cells
71What are transitional epithelia?
Cells that are able to expand and recoil
72Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the urinary bladder?
Transitional epithelia
73Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the renal pelvis?
Transitional epithelia
74Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the ureters?
Transitional epithelia
75Which type of epithelial tissue functions to permit expansion and recoil after stretching?
Transitional epithelia
76What are pseudostratified columnar epithelia?
Columnar cells that appear to be stacked but are one layer with irregular shapes and sizes of the columnar cells
77Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the lining of the nasal cavity?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
78Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the trachea?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
79Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the bronchi?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
80Which type of epithelial tissue is found in portions of the male reproductive tract?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
81Which type of epithelial tissue functions for protection and secretion?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
82What is the purpose of the cilia on pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
To move particles along the surface
83What happens to the cilia of pseudostratified columnar epithelium when you smoke?
Smoking paralyzes the cilia and makes you get sick faster
84What are goblet cells?
Cells that secrete mucus
85Which epithelial tissue are goblet cells found?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelia
86What are endocrine glands?
Glands that release hormones into the surrounding fluid and diffuse into the bloodstream
87What type of gland is the pituitary gland?
Endocrine
88What type of gland is the thyroid gland?
Endocrine
89What type of gland is the adrenal gland?
Endocrine
90What type of gland are sweat glands?
Exocrine
91What type of gland are salivary glands?
Exocrine
92What are exocrine glands?
Glands that secrete through ducts onto the surface of the gland
93Which type of tissue is found throughout the body?
Connective tissue
94Which type of tissue is the most abundant?
Connective tissue
95Which type of tissue is widely distributed in the primary tissues (epithelium, muscle, nervous, connective)?
Connective tissue
96Which type of tissue is cartilage?
Connective tissue
97Which type of tissue is bone?
Connective tissue
98Which type of tissue is blood?
Connective tissue
99What is the purpose of and what is the ground substance of connective tissue?
The unstructured material that fills the space between cells
100Which type of tissue includes a ground substance structure?
Connective tissue
101Which type of tissue has fibers?
Connective tissue
102What are the 3 fibers in connective tissue?
Collagen, reticular, elastic
103Which type of tissue has specialized cells?
Connective tissue
104What are the 4 specialized cells in connective tissue?
1. Fibroblasts 2. Chondroblasts 3. Osteoblasts 4. Hematopoietic stem cells
105What do fibroblasts produce?
Fibers
106What do chondroblasts produce?
Cartilage
107What do osteoblasts produce?
Bone
108What do hematopoietic stem cells produce?
Blood cells
109What is the matrix of connective tissue made of?
Ground substance and protein fibers
110What is the inorganic component of the matrix of connective tissue?
Ground substance
111What is the organic component of the matrix of connective tissue?
Protein fibers
112What is the role of the cells in the matrix of the connective tissue?
To separate the matrix
113Which connective tissue is avascular?
Cartilage
114Which type of tissue is mostly vascular?
Connective tissue
115Which type of tissue has no exposed surfaces?
Connective tissue
116Which type of tissue is innervated?
Connective tissue
117What does innervated mean?
Containing nerve cells/fibers
118Which tissue functions for structural framework?
Connective tissue
119Which tissue functions to bind together and support body structures?
Connective tissue
120Which tissue functions for protecting delicate organs?
Connective tissue
121Which tissue functions for supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other tissues?
Connective tissue
122Which tissue functions to store energy reserves?
Connective tissue
123Which tissue functions to protect the body from microorganisms?
Connective tissueWhat is loose connective tissue?
124What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?
1. Areolar 2. Adipose 3. Reticular
125Which type of loose connective tissue is a gel-like matrix with all the connective tissue fibers?
Areolar connective tissue
126Which type of loose connective tissue has fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and white blood cells?
Areolar connective tissue
127Which type of loose connective tissue wraps and cushions organs?
Areolar connective tissue
128Which type of loose connective tissue is widely distributed in the body?
Areolar connective tissue
129What is superficial fascia?
The loose connective tissue and fat underlying the skin that separates the muscle and skin
130Which type of loose connective tissue is similar to areolar connective tissue but is closely packed with adipocytes?
Adipose connective tissue
131What are adipocytes?
Fat cells
132Which type of loose connective tissue reserves food stores?
Adipose connective tissue
133Which type of loose connective tissue insulates against heat loss?
Adipose connective tissue
134Which type of loose connective tissue functions to support and protect?
Adipose connective tissue
135Which type of loose connective tissue is found under the skin?
Adipose connective tissue
136Which type of loose connective tissue is found around the kidneys?
Adipose connective tissue
137Which type of loose connective tissue is found within the abdomen?
Adipose connective tissue
138Which type of loose connective tissue is found in the breasts?
Adipose connective tissue
139Which type of loose connective tissue is the loose ground substance with reticular fibers?
Reticular connective tissue
140Which type of loose connective tissue has reticular fibers that have reticular cells lying in a fiber network?
Reticular connective tissue
141Which type of loose connective tissue forms a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types?
Reticular connective tissue
142What is stroma also known as?
Soft internal skeleton
143Which type of loose connective tissue is found in lymph nodes?
Reticular connective tissue
144Which type of loose connective tissue is found in bone marrow?
Reticular connective tissue
145Which type of loose connective tissue is found in the spleen?
Reticular connective tissue
146What is dense connective tissue?
Connective tissue that has cells packed tightly
147What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue?
1. Regular 2. Irregular 3. Elastic
148Which type of dense connective tissue is made of parallel collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers?
Regular connective tissue
149Which type of dense connective tissue has fibroblasts as the major cell type?
Regular and irregular connective tissue
150Which type of dense connective tissue attaches muscle to bone?
Regular connective tissue
151Which type of dense connective tissue attaches muscles to other muscles?
Regular connective tissue
152Which type of dense connective tissue attaches bone to bone?
Regular connective tissue
153Which type of dense connective tissue is found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses?
Regular connective tissue
154What do tendons connect?
Muscle to bone
155What do ligaments connect?
Bone to bone
156Which type of dense connective tissue is made of irregularly arranged collagen fibers with some elastic fibers?
Irregular connective tissue
157Which type of dense connective tissue provides structural strength?
Irregular connective tissue
158Which type of dense connective tissue is found in the dermis?
Irregular connective tissue
159Which type of dense connective tissue is found in the submucosa of the digestive tract?
Irregular connective tissue
160Which type of dense connective tissue is found in fibrous organ capsules?
Irregular connective tissue
161Which type of dense connective tissue is made up of mostly branching elastic fibers?
Elastic connective tissue
162Which type of dense connective tissue is found in the lungs?
Elastic connective tissue
163Which type of dense connective tissue is found in the arteries?
Elastic connective tissue
164Which type of dense connective tissue is found in the vertebrae?
Elastic connective tissue
165Which type of dense connective tissue is found in the vocal cords?
Elastic connective tissue
166Which type of dense connective tissue allows stretching?
Elastic connective tissue
167Cartilage is (vascular/avascular) and (innervated/not innervated).
Avascular, not innervated
168Which type of connective tissue has a matrix that is a firm gel containing chondroitin sulfate?
Cartilage
169What is a chondrocyte?
A cartilage cell
170What are the 3 types of cartilage?
1. Hyaline 2. Elastic 3. Fibrocartilage
171Which type of cartilage has a matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but is less firm with thick collagen fibers?
Fibrocartilage
172Which type of cartilage provides tensile strength?
Fibrocartilage
173Which type of cartilage absorbs compression shock?
Fibrocartilage
174Which type of cartilage is found in the pubic symphysis?
Fibrocartilage
175Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?
Fibrocartilage
176Which type of cartilage is found in the discs of the knee joint?
Fibrocartilage
177What is the pubic symphysis?
Fibrocartilage pad connecting right and left pubic bones
178Which type of cartilage has an amorphous, firm matrix with an imperceptible network of collagen fibers?
Hyaline cartilage
179Which type of cartilage has chondrocytes that lie in the lacunae?
Hyaline cartilage
180Which type of cartilage supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists compression?
Hyaline cartilage
181Which type of cartilage is found in the embryonic skeleton?
Hyaline cartilage
182Which type of cartilage is found at the end of long bones?
Hyaline cartilage
183Which type of cartilage is found in the nose?
Hyaline cartilage
184Which type of cartilage is found in the trachea?
Hyaline cartilage
185Which type of cartilage is found in the larynx?
Hyaline cartilage
186Which type of cartilage has a matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but has more elastic fibers?
Elastic cartilage
187Which type of cartilage maintains shape and structure while allowing flexibility?
Elastic cartilage
188Which type of cartilage supports the external ear?
Elastic cartilage
189Which type of cartilage supports the pinna?
Elastic cartilage
190Which type of cartilage is found in the epiglottis?
Elastic cartilage
191What is known as the osseous tissue?
Bone
192Which type of connective tissue is a vascularized, hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers and osteocytes that lie in the lacunae?
Bone
193Which type of connective tissue supports and protects by enclosing and provides levers for muscles to act on?
Bone
194Which type of connective tissue stores calcium and other minerals and fats?
Bone
195Which type of connective tissue has marrow that is the site of blood cell formation?
BoneWhat is known as the vascular tissue?
196What two things make up the blood?
1. Plasma (fluid) 2. Formed elements (cells)
197Which blood cells provide cells with oxygen and nutrients?
Red blood cells
198Which blood cells remove carbon dioxide and wastes?
Red blood cells
199Which blood cells provide immune protection?
White blood cells
200Which blood cells are used for the clotting process?
Platelets
201What is a neuron?
Nerve cell
202What does a dendrite do?
Collects information from the environment
203What does the axon do?
Generates nerve impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands
204What do telodendria do?
The terminal branches of the axon that make contact with other neurons
205What type of tissue is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities?
Nervous tissue
206What type of tissue is specialized for contraction?
Muscle tissue
207What are the three types of muscle tissue?
1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth
208Which muscle tissue has cells that are long, cylindrical, striated, and multinucleated?
Skeletal muscle
209Which muscle tissue is found combined with connective and nervous tissue in this muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle
210Which muscle tissue is voluntary?
Skeletal muscle
211Which muscle tissue stabilizes the position of the skeleton?
Skeletal muscle
212Which muscle tissue generates heat by shivering?
Skeletal muscle
213Which muscle tissue guards the entrance and exits of the digestive tract?
Skeletal muscle
214Which muscle tissue guards the entrance and exits of the urinary tracts?
Skeletal muscle
215Which muscle tissue guards the entrance and exits of the respiratory tracts?
Skeletal muscle
216Which muscle tissue protects internal organs?
Skeletal muscle
217Which muscle tissue has cells that are short, branched, and striated with a single nucleus?
Cardiac muscle
218Which muscle tissue has cells that are interconnected through intercalated discs?
Cardiac muscle
219Which muscle tissue is found in the heart?
Cardiac muscle
220Which muscle tissue circulates blood?
Cardiac muscle
221Which muscle tissue maintains blood pressure?
Cardiac muscle
222Which muscle tissue maintains hydrostatic pressure?
Cardiac muscle
223Which muscle tissue has cells that are short, spindle-shaped, non-striated, with a single central nucleus?
Smooth muscle
224Which muscle tissue is striated?
Skeletal and cardiac
225Which muscle tissue is involuntary?
Smooth and cardiac
226Which muscle tissue is found encircling the blood vessels?
Smooth muscle
227Which muscle tissue is found in the walls of the digestive organs?
Smooth muscle
228Which muscle tissue is found in the walls of the respiratory organs?
Smooth muscle
229Which muscle tissue is found in the walls of the urinary organs?
Smooth muscle
230Which muscle tissue is found in the walls of the reproductive organs?
Smooth muscle
231Which muscle tissue moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions?
Smooth muscle
232Which muscle tissue controls the diameter of the respiratory passageways?
Smooth muscle
233Which muscle tissue regulates the diameter of blood vessels?
Smooth muscle
234What is the cutaneous membrane?
The skin
235What are the two components of the cutaneous membrane?
Epidermis and dermis
236What tissue composes the epidermis?
Epithelial tissue
237What tissue composes the dermis?
Connective tissue
238The outer portion of the skin is called the __________ and the inner portion is called the _________.
Epidermis, dermis
239What is the hypodermis?
Subcutaneous layer that is beneath the dermis
240What is the connective tissue that composes the hypodermis?
Adipose and areolar connective tissue
241What is a keratinocyte?
An epidermal cell that produces keratin
242What is a melanocyte?
A cell which produces the pigment melanin
243What are Langerhans cells?
Specialized dendritic cells found in the skin that signal to the immune system where an infection is present
244What are tactile discs?
Expanded nerve endings that detect heavy and continuous touch
245What is another name for stratum basale?
Stratum germinativum
246What is the stratum basale?
The deepest layer in the epidermis that produces keratinocytes
247What is the stratum spinosum?
The second layer of the epidermis that appears prickly/spiny/polyhedral cells
248What is the stratum granulosum?
The third layer of the epidermis that is flat and produces the keratin precursor
249What shape are the cells of the stratum basale?
Cuboidal and columnar
250What is the stratum lucidum?
The layer after the stratum granulosum that is only found in thick skin made up of clear, flat, dead cells
251What is the thick skin that has the stratum lucidum?
Palms of hands and soles of feet
252What is the stratum corneum?
The surface layer of the epidermis made up of flat, dead, keratinized cells
253What is the saying to remember the layers of the epidermis?
Brilliant Studying Gives Loads of Confidence
254What is the dermal papillae?
Projections of the dermis that indent the epidermis
255What is the papillary layer?
The more superficial dermal region
256What is the reticular layer of the dermis?
Deeper and major portion of dermis
257What is the cutaneous plexus?
The network of blood vessels between the reticular layer and hypodermis
258What are macrophages?
White blood cells that kill pathogens by phagocytosis
259What percentage of the dermis is the papillary region?
20%
260What percentage of the dermis is the reticular region?
80%
261What connective tissue is the papillary region of the dermis made of?
Areolar connective tissue
262What are the lamellated corpuscles for?
Sense deeper/heavier pressure
263What connective tissue is the reticular region of the dermis made of?
Irregular connective tissue
264The sensory receptors of the dermis are ________ and ________ nerve endings that are sensitive to specific stimuli.
Free, encapsulated
265(T/F) The hypodermis is a part of the skin.
False
266What are the three derivatives of the skin?
1. Hair (pili) 2. Glands 3. Nails
267What is the structure of pili?
Small filamentous structures
268What is hair/pili composed of?
Dead, keratinized cells welded together
269What are the three regions that will not have pili?
1. Thick skin 2. Lips 3. Parts of external genitalia
270What are the two main parts of hair?
Shaft and root
271What type of epithelial tissue is pili made of?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelial
272The portion of the hair that projects from the skin is called?
The shaft
273The shaft of the hair is made up of columns of (living/dead) keratinized cells that have (not yet completed/completed) the keratinization process.
Dead, completed
274What is the segment of hair embedded in the surface called?
The root
275The root is surrounded by what?
Sensory neurons
276What is a hair follicle?
Dermal and epidermal sheath that surround the hair root
277What are the arrector pili muscles?
Small bands of muscle attached to hair follicles that cause the hair to stand up by contracting
278What type of muscle are the arrector pili muscles?
Smooth muscle
279What does piloerection mean?
Erected hairs
280What muscle causes the skin to have a dimpled appearanceoosebumps?
Arrector pili muscles
281What are the two basic glands of the skin?
1. Sudoriferous (sweat) glands 2. Sebaceous glands
282What do sudoriferous glands produce?
Sweat
283What do sebaceous glands produce?
Sebum
284Sweat and oil glands of the skin are derived from (dermal/epidermal) cells.
Epidermal
285The glands of the skin are located in a (deeper/shallower) part of the dermis.
Deeper
286What does sebum do to hair?
Moistens it
287What does sebum do to skin?
Waterproofs it
288Which skin gland is associated with hair follicles?
Sebaceous gland
289What are the two types of sweat glands?
1. Eccrine 2. Apocrine
290Where are eccrine sweat glands found?
Palms and soles
291Where are apocrine sweat glands found?
Axillary, pubic region, areolae of the breast
292Which sweat gland causes body odor?
Apocrine
293What are the seven functions of the integumentary system?
1. Sensation 2. Protection 3. Immunity 4. Excretion 5. Blood reservoir 6. Vitamin D synthesis 7. Body temperature regulation
294What are the three cutaneous sensations?
1. Tactile 2. Thermal 3. Pain
295Tactile sensation is caused by _______ receptors.
Touch
296Thermal sensation is caused by _/ receptors.
Hot, cold
297Pain sensation is caused by ____ receptors.
Pain (nociceptors)
298What are the hair root plexuses?
Dendrites arranged in a network around hair follicles
299What do hair root plexuses detect?
Detect movement when hair is disturbed
300What is another name for Meissner's corpuscles?
Tactile corpuscles