1involves movement of air in and out of lungs
ventilation
2gas exchange between lungs and circulatory system
diffusion
3certain diseases such as___ have a predilection for the apices
tuberculosis
4air passing from mediastinum into subcutaneous tissues of chest or neck is called
subcutaneous emphysema
5term used to describe a lack of respiratory function or a lack of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
respiratory failure
6gas exchange failure
hypoxemia
7failure to ventilate
hypercapnia
8measures severity amount of O2 and CO2 in blood
arterial blood gas (ABGs)
9overgrowth, hardening, and/or scarring of various tissues of lungs
cystic fibrosis
10disorder affecting premature infants or those born @ less than 37 week gestation (hyaline membrane disease) Incomplete maturation of type 2 aveolar cells
respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
11most common bacteria pneumonia (often found in healthy throats) affects alveoli of lobe of lung without affecting bronchi
pneumoccal (lobar) pneumonia
12severe bacterial pneumonia that caused 4 deaths at American legion convention
legionnaires disease
13pneumonia caused by mycoplasmas that have characteristics of both bacteria and viruses
mycoplasma Pneumonia
14acid vomitus aspirated into lower respiratory tract. may follow follow anesthesia, alcohol intoxication or stroke that causes loss of cough reflex
aspiration pneumonia
15most commonly caused by influenza A and B caused by people shedding virus. more common than bacterial pneumonia but less severe
viral (instertitial) pneumonia
16permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi as a result of destruction of elastic and muscular components of bronchi wall (congenital or acquired weakness following inflammation of Bronchi wall
bronchiectasis
17➢Cause – inhalation of bacteria
➢May affect GU, CNS, or skeletal systems
➢Radiographic appearance – apical lordotic position
pulmonary tuberculosis
18lrg number of bacteria are picked up and carried via bloodstream throughout body (characteristic resembles millets disease)
military tuberculosis
19group of disorders that cause chronic airway obstruction. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema most common
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD)
20hyperplasia of mucous glands, hypertrophy of smooth muscle and thickening of bronchial wall due to long term exposure to heavy cigarette smoking or high levels of industrial air pollution causing irritation of mucous lining of bronchial tree and viral infections
CHronic Obstructive Bronchitis
21condition of which lung aveoli become distended usually from loss of elasticit. Characterized by an increase in the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles with destruction of alveolar walls
emphysema
22Radiographic appearance - depressed or flattened diaphragm, abnormally
radiolucent lungs, and an increased retrosternal air space (barrel-shaped chest)
emphysema
23chronic inflammation of the bronchial system resulting in airway obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness
asthma
24pulmonary fibrosis from inhalation of foreign inorganic dust (most common in work area)
Pneumoconioses
25When the immune system is not effective at controlling and overcoming fungal infection and is spread from lungs to other parts of the body
progressive disseminated histoplasmosis
26inflammation of the pleura, often indicative of a serious condition such as pneumonia
pleurisy
27excess fluid collects in pleural cavity
pleural effusion
28pleural effessions that are caused by a mass of cells and fluid that has seeped out of blood vessels or an organ, especially in inflammation
exudates
29pleural effusions resulting from micro vascular changes such as those associated with heart failure or ascites (filtrate of blood that accumulates in the tissues outside the bloood vessels and causes Edema)
Transudates
30pleural effusion containing blood (frequently follows trauma to thorax or thoracic surgery
hemothorax
31communication with nasal cavities that subjects the paranasal sinuses to infection and inflammation
sinusitis
32What are symptoms of sinusitis
nasal discharge, headache, tenderness over the affected area, a
toothache, and/or general malaise
33adenoids that are usually considered benign but are included in WHOS classification of lung cancer because tends to invade local tissue and sometimes metastasize to regional lymph nodes
Bronchial Carcinoid Tumors
34most common fatal primary malignancy in USA, accounts for over 90% of all lung tumors and has very low 5-year survival rate (20%)
bronchogenic carcinoma
35presentation of adenocarcinoma
coin lesion
36By use of what radiographic posion can body structures such as the clavicles be removed from apices of the lungs
lordotic
37sail sign in an infant is commonly associated with enlargement of the?
Thymus
38Posterior medial spinal masses most commonly originate from ___ tissue
nervous
39an infant born after only 6 months of gestation could have?
respiratory distress syndrome
40lack of respiratory function of lack of proper oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange best describes
respiratory failure
41which of the following is the most common type of bacterial pneumonia
pneumococcal pneumonia
42Loss of leastricity of the bronchial walls as a result of bacterial infection may result in?
bronchiectasis
43pulmonary fibrosis resulting from occupationally inhaled dusts is characteristic of?
pnuemoconsiosis
44an accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity is known as an?
empyema
45the most common etiology factor in the factor in the development of bronchogenic carcinoma is?
cigarette smoking
46primary computed tomography findings of COVID 19 show?
ground glass opacites
Bronchovascular thickening
Crazy Paving appearance
47explain how technical exposure factors must be changed to compensate for additive and subtractive pathologies of chest. give example of ea
additive path of chest would be pneumo and subtractive would be COPD. additive needs higher technique and subtractive needs less.
48specifics reasons for obtaining chest radiography taken in the erect position at 72 inch Sid
reduce heart mag by decreasing heart OID and to demonstrate air fluid levels and allowing diaphragm to drop to normal position and not interfere with organs
49what specialized radiographic projection of the chest is used to demonstrate TB. why is this projection of benefit
lordotic chest X-ray in order to look at scarring under the clavicles in the apices of the lungs
50COPD includes both emphysema and chronic bronchitis. compare and contrast these conditions and how they both can be considered COPD
COPD refers to disorders that cause chronic airway obstruction. Chronic bronchitis results from chronic exposure to irritants leading to hyperplasia of the mucous glands, hypertrophy of the smooth muscle and thickening of the bronchial wall. Over time, this results in bronchial obstruction from excess secretion of mucus. Emphysema is a condition in which the alveoli become permanently distended from loss of elasticity and is characterized by an increase in the air space distal to the terminal bronchioles with destruction to the alveolar walls.
51metastasis to the lungs from other primary tumors occurs via 5 routes. what are they?
Metastatic lung disease occurs from the primary tumor by the following routes: hematogenous (blood stream), lymphogenous (lymph system), direct extension in local invasion, bronchogenic (tracheobronchial system), and direct implantation (biopsies or other local surgeries).
52fig 3.11
sail sign
enlargement of thymus
53fig 3.9
lateral proj of chest demon pectus excavatum (congenital) compression of heart toward spine
55fig 3.16
ct scan with contrast will diagnose pulmonary embolism
57FIG 3.24
chest x-ray for double port placement
58cancer that starts in the mucous glands of organs
adenocarcinoma
59most common lethal nosocomial infection and 8th leading cause of death in USA. most frequent type of lung infection
Pneumonia