Neuropsych Exam 2

1/3 of brain mass; allow socially appropriate functioning; very heterogeneous and difficult to study; lesions may produce variable behaviors

primary motor, supplemental motor, premotor, frontal eye fields, prefrontal, basomedial (orbitofrontal)

located on precentral gyrus; rate of firing correlated with force; somatotopic organization (feet up high, head down low)

chronic loss of fine finger movements, contralateral weakness, hemiplegia, or hemiparesis

medial and lateral cortex; connected to primary motor, premotor, and somatosensory; organizes and plans complex movement; activates with imagined movement

contralateral akinesia, alien limb syndrome, transcortical motor aphasia, SMA syndrome

anterior to precentral gyrus; 6x larger than primary motor; involved in voluntary motor programming, movement selection, and gross movement coordination

deficits in skilled or sequential movement (e.g., walking), limb kinetic apraxia

dorsolateral frontal, middle frontal gyrus; triggers voluntary saccades to visible, remembered, or predicted targets

stimulation causes contralateral gaze; ablation causes ipsilateral gaze

linked to affect, judgment, and goal-directed behavior; connected to hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala; receives multisensory input

temporal memory—neural record of recent events

inability to change responses when stimulus changes; repetition of responses

fast clock dysfunction causes impulsivity, quick responses (ADHD/mania-like)

slow clock dysfunction causes slowed responses, excessive delay (depression-like)

left—verbal fluency, Broca’s aphasia; right—nonverbal fluency, expressive aprosodia

cannot produce or understand spontaneous speech but can repeat

positive emotion

negative emotion

left—excessive worry; right—panic attacks

left frontal injury caused major personality and behavior change

impaired inhibition, distractibility, apathy, loss of initiative; past surgical ablation used for mental disorders

left—decreased arousal; right—increased arousal and ADHD-like activity

cellar=storage, picking=encoding, walk=consolidation, retrieving apples=retrieval

emotion and inhibition control; changes in mood, hostility, and social inappropriateness

glabellar reflex—cannot resist blinking when tapped; early Parkinson’s sign

selects words based on object or meaning

agrammatism, reduced fluency, noun/verb-heavy speech, impaired repetition, intact comprehension

right Broca’s homologue lesion; flat or monotone prosody, emotionless speech

inability to perform learned movements not due to weakness or comprehension issues

loss of precise movements; seen in CBD, PSP, PD; lesion disconnects frontal and parietal lobes

difficulty planning movement for speech; distorted sounds, rhythm errors, groping for words

speech problem due to weakness; slurred, robotic, or hypophonic speech

impaired skilled face/mouth movements; lesion to inferior frontal/white matter

cannot carry out multistep actions toward a goal; left hemisphere dysfunction

microtubule protein tangles from hyperphosphorylation causing neuron death

focal neuronal loss and atrophy in these regions

right frontal degeneration; apathy, disinhibition, loss of empathy, compulsive behavior

executive and language impairment; deficits in sentence repetition and lexical fluency

left frontal degeneration; expressive aphasia with intact comprehension and grammar errors

language and personality changes, memory issues, stiffness, and poor coordination

from cerebrovascular disease; strokes or white matter disease disconnecting frontal lobes

hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, poor lifestyle

executive impairment, apraxia, attention and memory deficits, perseveration

loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra; basal ganglia affected; Lewy bodies present

alpha-synuclein protein clumps in dopaminergic neurons

resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability

PD—motor symptoms first; LBD—cognitive symptoms first

parkinsonism, stooped posture, hallucinations, fluctuating alertness, REM sleep behavior disorder

executive dysfunction (attention), memory affected, faster decline than other dementias