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Homeostasis

190 flashcardsby Nick
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1
Define Homeostasis
Regulation of Internal Conditions of Cell or Organism to Maintain Conditions.
2
What is Homeostasis Vital for?
Vital for Enzyme Action & Other Cells Functions.
3
What Systems Does Homeostasis Involve?
Involves Body's Nervous System & Endocrine System (Hormones)
4
What is the Flow Chart for Homeostasis ?
5
What Does Homeostasis often Work by & What Does it Mean?
It often Works by Negative Feedback Which means Any Changes are Reversed & Returned Back to Optimum Level.
6
What does the Nervous System Consist Of?
Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves & Sense Organs.
7
What Does Nervous System Uses & What Does it Enable Humans to do?
Uses Electrical Impulses to Enable Humans to React Very Quickly to Their Surrounding & Coordinate Their Behaviour.
8
What do Each Sense Organs in Nervous System Contain?
Receptors that Detect Different Stimulus
9
What are the General Receptors & What Do they Detect & Tell You?
Reseptor Eyes Detect:Light & Tell You About Sight

Reseptor Ears Detect:Sound & Tell You About Hearing

Reseptor Ears Detect:Body Position & Tell You About Balance

Reseptor Tongue Detect:Chemicals & Tell You About Taste

Reseptor Nose Detect:Chemicals & Tell You About Smells

Reseptor Skin Detect:Touch, Pain & Temperature & Tell You About Touch
10
What is the Brain & Spinal Cord Together Called?
Central Nervous System (CNS)
11
What does a Nerve Contain?
Contains Many Individual Neurons (Nerve Cells)
12
What Passes Along Neurones and as what?
Information Passes Along Neurones as Electrical Impulses.
13
What do Sensory Neurons Do?
Send Information from Receptors to CNS.


(Central Nervous System)
14
What do Motor Neurons Do?
Transfer Information from CNS to Effectors Which Cause Response.

(Central Nervous System)
15
Lable the Neuron & What are the Functions of D,C & B?
Axon- To Carry Electrical Impulses

Dendrites- To Make Connections with Other Neutrons

Myelin Sheath- To insulate Axon (impulse travels faster)
16
What Can an Effector be?
Muscle- Which Responds by Contracting

Gland- Which Responds by Secreting
(e.g hormones into bloodstream)
17
What is the Gap Between Neurons Called?
Synapse
18
Describe How Does Information Pass Across a Synapse?
Electrical Impulse Reaches End of Neurone.

Chemicals Move From 1st Neurone to 2nd Neurone by Diffusion Through Synapse which Reaches Second Neurone

Causing a New Electrical Impulse.
19
Define Reaction Time
Time Taken from Stimulus to Your Response.
20
Give Some Real Life Examples of Reaction Time
• Stopping Distance in a Car

• Reacting to a Starting Pistol in a Race
21
What is the Method for the Measuring Reaction Time Required Practical #7?
• Use Weaker Arm/Hand

• Sit on chair with Your Arm Resting On Table.

• Partner will Hold Meter Rular Vertically with Bottom End (starting at 0cm) Between your Thumb & Forefinger.

• Partner Randomly Drop Ruler Quickly & You Must Catch Ruler & Look At number
(in cm) Where Caught Ruler & Record in Table.

• Use Conversion Table to Convert Ruler Measurements into Reaction Times.

• Repeat Test Few Times So Can See Whether Reaction Time Improves With Practise
22
What are the Variables for Required Practical #7?
IV= Amount of Practice
DV= Reaction Time
CV= Same Person Dropping Rular
23
Define Reflex Action & Why Were they Created?
Rapid Automatic Response which Doesn't Involve Conscious Part of Brain.

Organisms have Evolved Reflex Actions to Help them Survive as Protective Mechanism.
24
What are Three Reflex Actions & the Receptor and Effector for them?
25
What are All the Examples of Reflex Actions?
• Withdrawal of Hand from Hot Object

• Change of Pupil Size in Response to Light

• Salviating at Smell or Taste Of Food

• Breathing

• Digestion
26
What are Some Reflexes Babies Have & Do They Go?
E.g Grasp Reflex that Disappear as They Grow.
27
What is the Flow Chart For A Reflex?
28
What do Reflex Actions Involve?
Involve Relay Neurones which Located in Spinal Cord & Bypass Conscious Part of Brain by Connecting Sensory Neurone to Motor Neurone.
29
Lable Reflex Response
30
What are the Differences between Reflex Actions & Non-Reflex?
Reflex Actions are Faster, Involve Relay Neurones but Bypass Conscious Part of Brain unlike Non-Reflex
31
Why do Reflexes Not go Through Conscious Areas Of Brain?
Conscious Area of Brain Contains Lots of Synapses & they Slow Down Brain.

(Avoiding= Less Synapses so Faster)
32
Why is the Rular Drop Required Practical Not a Reflex Action?
Brain Anticipates it Falling
33
What does the Brain Control/Function and what is it Made Of?
Brain Controls Complex Behaviour.

Made of Billions of Interconnected Neurones & has Different Regions that Carry out Different Functions.
34
Lable the Brain
35
What Does Cerebral Cortex Do?
Involved with Memory, Consciousness, Language & Intelligence.
36
What Does Cerebellum Do?
Coordinates Muscular Activity & Balance
37
What Does Medulla Do?
Involved with Unconsciousness Activities e.g
Heartbeat, Digestion & Breathing
38
What Does Hypothalamus Do?
Involved in Controlling Body Temperature.
39
What Does Pituitary Gland Do?
Produces many Different Hormones.
40
What are the 3 Main Technique Scientists have Used to 'Map' Different Regions of Brain to their Functions?
• Studying People with Brain Damage

• Electrically Stimulating Different Parts of Brain

• MRI Scans
41
How do They Use of Studying People with Brain Damage to 'Map' Different Regions of Brain to their Functions?
Scientist Have Been Able To Match Changes in Behaviour or Memory with Parts of Brain that have Been Damaged.
42
How Does Use of Electrically Stimulating Different Parts of Brain to 'Map' Different Regions of Brain to their Functions?
Scientists can Electrically Stimulate Different Areas Of Brain & See what Effect this Has Patients Who are Conscious & Awake.
43
How Does Use of MRI to 'Map' Different Regions of Brain to their Functions?
Scientists used Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans to Produce Images Of Brain.

(e.g Problems Stroke, Coordination & Speech)
44
What are Benefits & Risks of Investigating Brain Disorders?
Pros
• Improved Knowledge of How Brain Works

• Potential Treatments e.g Drugs

Cons
• Brain Easily Damaged

• Ethical Concerns with Any Studies Carried Out on Living Humans/animals
45
What is the Eye & What Does it Contain & Do?
Sense Organ Containing Receptors sensitive to Light intensity & Colour.
46
Lable the Slice of an Eye
47
What is the Function of Ciliary Muscle in an Eye?
Contract & Relax To Change Shape Of Lens.
48
What is the Function of the Cornea in an Eye?
Hard Transparent Coating that Protects Front of Eye & Helps Focus Lights.
49
What is the Function of the Pupil in an Eye?
'Hole' in Front of Eye Lets Light In.
50
What is the Function of the Optic Nerve in an Eye?
Sends Electrical Impulses From Retina to Brain.
51
What is the Function of the Sclera in an Eye?
Tough Outer Layer Of Eye
52
What is the Function of the Retina in an Eye?
Layer on Back of Eye Covered in Light Sensitive Cells.
53
What is the Function of the Lens in an Eye?
Can Change Shape to Focus Light Onto Retina.
54
What is the Function of the Suspensory Ligaments in an Eye?
Holds Lens in Place.
55
What is the Function of the Iris in an Eye?
Coloured Part of Eye which Controls Size of Pupil.
56
Which part of eye contains light receptors?
Retina
57
Which part of eye controls how much light enters?
Iris
58
Which parts of eye focuses the light?
Lens & Cornea
59
What Type of Neurone is in the Optic Nerve?
Sensory Neurone
60
Which Part of the Eye Controls Size of Pupil?
Iris
61
Explain Why it is Important for Pupil to be Able to Change Size?
Can Constrict so Light Doesn't Damage Retina.

Dilates to Let Lots of Light in so You Can See.
62
What Does the Iris Contain?
Iris Contains Circular & Radical Muscles which Contract & Relax to Change Size of Pupil.
63
What Happens to the Pupil & Iris in Bright Light?
• Circular Muscles in Iris Contract

• Radial Muscles in Iris Relax

• Pupil Constricts (smaller)

• Less Light Enters Eye
64
What Happens to the Pupil & Iris in Dim Light?
• Circular Muscles in Iris Relax

• Radial Muscles in Iris Contract

• Pupil Dilates (bigger)

• More Light Enters Eye
65
What is Accomodation & what part of eye does it involve?
Process of Changing Shape of Lens to Focus On Near or Distant Objects.

Involves Cilary Muscles & Suspensary Ligaments
66
What Lens Does the Eye Contain and what Does it Do?
Contains Convex Lens which Refracts Light so it's Focused on Retina.
67
Draw Light Passing Through a Convex Lens
68
Draw Light Passing Through a Concave Lens
69
What Happens Within the Eye to Focus on a Distant Object? & Draw An Image of Eye & Light Through It
• Ciliary Muscles Relax

• Suspensory Ligaments Tighten

• Lens Becomes Thinner so Light Refracted Less Strongly & Light Focused on Retina.
70
What Happens Within the Eye to Focus on a Near Object? & Draw An Image of Eye & Light Through It.
• Ciliary Muscles Contract

• Suspensory Ligaments Loosen

• Lens Becomes Thicker so Light Refracted More Strongly & Light Focused on Retina.
71
What is the Name for Short Sightness & What can they Seee & Draw an Eye of Someone Who is Short Sighted?
Myopia & CAN see Short Distance Well but not Long
72
What Features of the Eye Causes People to have Myopia? & What Lens can you use Correct It & Draw Image?
• Eyeball too Long or Lens too Thick

• So? Image is Focused in Front of Retina

Correct With Concave Lens.
73
What is the Name for Long Sightness & What can they See & Draw an Eye of Someone Who is Long Sighted? ?
Hyperopia & CAN see Long Distance Well but not short.
74
What Features of the Eye Causes People to have Hyperopia? & What Lens can you use Correct It & Draw Image?
• Eyeball too Short or Lens too Thin

• So? Image is Focused Behind Retina

Correct With Convex Lens.
75
What New Technology has Been Made to Fix Eye Problems?
• Hard & Soft Contact Lenses

• Lazer Surgery to Change Shape Cornea

• Replacement Lens in Eye (Treat Catarax)
76
What Temperature should Core Body be and Should your Skin Temperature Be the Same as this?
Core Body Temp Must be Kept Stable at around 37°C.

Skin Temp Can Be Much HIGHER or LOWER.
77
How is Body Temperature Regulated and Where and What does it Contain?
Regulated by Thermoregulatory Centre in Brain Contains Receptors Sensitive to Temp of Blood Flowing Through Brain.
78
What Else do Temp Receptors In Skin Do?
Send Electrical Impulses Along Sensory Neurones to Thermoregulatory Centre.
79
What Does Your Body Do if CORE BODY TEMP gets TOO HIGH?
• Sweat Glands release More Sweat Cools Body & Evaporates

• Blood Vessel Supplying to Skin Capillaries Dilate (VASODILATION) More Blood Flows Through Capillaries = More Heat Lost
80
What Does Your Body Do if CORE BODY TEMP gets TOO Low?
• Muscles May 'Shiver' Contraction Needs Respiration Releases Energy as Heat= Warms Body

• Blood Vessel Supplying to Skin Capillaries Contract (VASOCONSTRICTION) To Reduce Flow of Blood Through Capillaries= Less Heat Lost
81
suggest why an elephant is a large and keep them cool?
More blood close to skin surface and lose more heat & ears flap
82
Explain how temperature regulation is an example of negative feedback?
If Temperature is Too High or Low it will Reverse Direction of Change.
83
Explain why you are More Likely To Suffer HEAT STROKE on HOT HUMID DAY rather than HOT DRY DAY?
on any Hot Day=sweat so Evaporation.
evaporation is slower on a Humid Day as Lowers Concentration Gradient Between Skin & Air
84
Why does frostbite happen primarily in the extremities of body such as fingers and nose?
constructing blood vessels to skin to keep warm but less blood to extremities.
85
Why'd you Drink More Water On A Hot Day?
Drink More because Lose Fluids In Sweat.
86
What is the Endocrine System Made of and Do?
Composed of Glands which Secrete (make) Hormones (made of protein) Directly into Bloodstream.
87
Where does Blood Carry Hormones?
Carries to Target Organ Where Has Effect
88
How is Information Sent in the Endocrine System Compared to Nervous System?
Endocrine-Hormones

Nervouse- Electrical Impluse
89
How is Information Travel Around Body in the Endocrine System Compared to Nervous System?
Endocrine-Through Bloodstream

Nervouse- Neurons
90
How Fast is the Response in the Endorcine System Compared to Nervous System?
Endocrine-Slower

Nervouse- Faster
91
How Long does Response Last For in the Endocrine System Compared to Nervous System?
Endocrine-Longer

Nervouse- Shorter
92
What are the Main Glands in the Body?
• Pituitary Gland
• Thyroid Gland
• Adrenal Gland
• Pancreas
• Ovaries
• Testes
93
Where is Pituitary Gland, What does it Produce & Effect?
What also known as?
Located Base of Brain 'Master Gland'.

Secretes Hormones Some Act on Target organs & Others Stimulate Glands to Make Other Hormones.

Include FSH-Stimulates Egg to Mature in Ovaries & LH Stimulates Ovulation.
94
Ovaries, What does it Produce & Effect?
Two Ovaries Produce Oestrogen Main Female Reproductive Hormone & involved Development Female Secondary Sexual Characteristics & Control Menstrual Cycle.

& Produce Progesterone involved Maintaining Uterus Lining.
95
Testes, What does it Produce & Effect?
Produce Hormone Testosterone Main Male Reproductive Hormone which Stimulates Sperm Reproduction & Controls Development Secondary Male Sexual Characteristics.
96
What does Thyroid Gland Produce & Effect & Levels Controlled by?
Secretes Hormone Thyroxine which Stimulates Basal Metabolic Rate.

Thyroxine Levels Controlled by Negative Feedback.
97
Where is Adrenal Gland, What does it Produce & Effect?
Adrenal glands Sits On Top Of Kidney

Produces Several Hormones e.g. Adrenaline Produced when Scared or Stressed.

increases Heart Rate, Boosts Delivering Oxygen & Glucose to Brain & muscles Preparing Fight or Flight.
98
What does Pancreas Produce & Effect?
Secretes 2 Hormones which Control Blood Glucose Concentration:

- Insulin LOWERS Blood Glucose Levels

- Glucagon RAISES Blood Glucose Levels
99
When do Blood Glucose Levels Increase?
After Eating Carbohydrate Rich Food.
100
What can too Much Glucose in Blood Cause?
Damage Blood Vessels & Cause Significant Health Problems.
101
Why do we need Glucose?
For Respiration to Release Energy
102
Which Hormone would be Produced if Blood Glucose Level was High?
Pancreas Detects & Releases Insulin--)
Reduces Blood Glucose by Causing Liver & Muscle Cells to Take Up Glucose From Bloodstream.

Level Falls as a result
103
Which Hormone would be Produced if Blood Glucose Level was Low?
Pancreas Detects & Releases Glucagon in Liver/Cells which

Converts Glycogen into Glucose to Be Released Back into Blood.

Level Rises as result.
104
Where else in Body is Glycogen Stored other than Liver?
Muscle
105
Why does blood glucose level increase more quickly after eating a Mars bar than after eating pasta?
Because blood glucose levels increase after eating lots of simple sugars as it goes straight into bloodstream. however, pasta is a complex carbohydrate so must be broken down during digestion.
106
glucose=carbs=glycogen. glucagon=hormon=insulin
107
What is Diabetes?
Non-Communicable Disease that Affects a Person's Ability to Control their Blood Glucose Level.
108
What is the Cause & Treatment for type 1 Diabetes? (genetic)
Cause
Pancreas Doesn't Produce Insulin

Trratement
Insulin Injunctions
109
What is the Cause & Treatment for type 2 Diabetes?
Cause
Body Cells Don't Respond to insulin Produced By Pancreas

Trratement
A Carbohydrate Controlled Diet + Exercise
110
What other methods for testing for glucose
• Colour Test for Glucose In Urine

• Fingerprint Test for Blood Glucose Level

• Continuous Glucose Monitoring System/insulin pump
111
What sort of Limits should Water & ion content in the body be kept within and what happens if it doesn't keep within this?
Water & Ion Content Kept within Narrow Limits.

if Not Too Much, Water may Move Into or Out of Cells by Osmosis & Damage Them
112
What is Happening in this Photo to the Cell & Why?
HIGHER CONCENTRATION of WATER OUTSIDE Cell so WATER Moves IN by Osmosis so Cell BURSTS.

Because Drunk Too Much Water or Not Eaten Enough Salt/ions.
113
What is Happening in this Photo to the Cell & Why?
HIGHER CONCENTRATION of WATER INSIDE Cell so WATER Moves OUT by Osmosis so Cell SHRINKS.

Because Not Drunk Enough Water or Eaten Too Much Salt/ions.
114
What is Happening in this Photo to the Cell?
Equalibrium
115
How do you Lose Ions & Water?
• Urine
• Faeces
• Sweat
• Breathing Out (ONLY WATER)
116
How do you Gain Ions & Water?
• Food
• Drink
• Respiration (ONLY WATER)
117
What happens if water and ions are not replaced?
iron/water Balance Disturbed so Cells Don't Function Effectively
118
What do Sports Drinks Usually Contain & Why?
• Water Replace Water Lost in Sweat

• Ions (e.g. sodium) Replace Ions Lost in Sweat.

• Sugar (e.g glucose) Replace Glucose lost in Respiration
119
Define Excretion
Removal of Waste Products From Body
120
Name Some Products that are Excreted & How?
• Faeces (via Digestive System)

• Carbon Dioxide (via Lungs)

• Urea (via Skin + Kidney)

• Excess Water (via Lungs, Skin + Kidneys)

• Excess Ions (via Skin + Kidneys)
121
What is Urea and Made from & Excreted From?
Toxic Waste Product Made from Protein in Diet & Excreted from Body via Kidneys when Urinate.
122
How are Proteins Digested & Excreted?
Proteins in Diet are Digested to Form Amino Acids.

Any Excess Amino Acids can't be Stored in Body so Deaminated in Liver to form Ammonia.
123
what ammonia converted into & why?
Is Toxic so Immediately Converted to Urea for Excretion.
124
Where is There No Control Over Some Waste Products Lost and What Are They? AMY
No Control Over Amount of Water, ions or Urea Lost by Lungs or Skin.
125
Where is Loss of Water, ions and Urea Controlled?
Control of Amount Water, ions & Urea Removed Via Kidneys in Urine.
126
Why is Urine Made and Transferred and then What Happens to it?
Urine Made in Kidneys Transferred to Bladder for Storage then Excreted from Body.
127
How do Kidneys work and What is the Name of the Process?
Filtration & Reabsorption
• Blood is Filtered so Water, ions, Glucose & Urea Removed.

• All Glucose Reabsorbed in Selective Reabsorbstion

• As Much Water & Ions as Needed by Body are Reabsorbed

• No Urea Reabsorbed
128
What did Urine of a Healthy Person Contain?
Water,ions & Urea.
129
Why does Urine not contain Blood Cells Or Protein Molecules?
They are Too Big to be Filtered Out of Blood.
130
Why does urine Not contain Glucose?
All of it is Reabsorbed.
131
What is the Water Level in the Body Controlled By and How?
Controlled by hormone ADH.

• Released by Piturarity Gland When Blood too Concentrated/ U R Dehydrated

• Cause Water to be Reabsorbed Back into Blood from Kidney Tubules so Less Urine Produced
132
How can kidney failure be treated?
• Kidney Dialysis Machine

• Kidney Transplant
133
Why is Dialysis Needed?
Kidney Doesn't Work so Can't Remove Urea So Whole Blood Must be Filtered
134
What is the Overview of Dialysis Treatment?
Blood Removed from Patient &
Anti-Coagulant Added (Stops Blood Clotting) .

Blood Separated into Tubes Surrounded by Dialysis Fluid where Filtered Blood Flows through Air Trap & Air Detector before being Returned to Patient.
135
How does the Process of Dialysis Work for Filtering the Blood?
There is High Conc Urea in Blood & Low Conc Urea in Dialysis Fluid so Concentration Gradient from Blood to Dialysis Fluid

so Urea Diffuses through Partially Permeable Membrane to Dialysis Fluid.

Dialysis Fluid has Optimum Level of Water & Ions so Only Move Out of Blood if in Excess.

Very Large Excess of Glucose so Doesn't Diffuse Out of Blood.
136
Why Does Blood Flow in Opposite Direction to Dialysis Fluid?
To Maintain Concentration Gradient for Filtration.
137
Why do People with Kidney Failure Have to Control the Intake of Salt or Protein?
Salt Stays in Blood & Can't Be Filtered out Until Next Dialysis Session.

Protein is Broken Down into Amino Acids then Ammonia then Urea which Toxic & Can't be Removed Dialysis Session.
138
Compare Movement of Glucose in Normal Kidne with that of a Dialysis Machine?
Glucose in a Dialysis Machine Remains in the Blood.

Normal Kidney it Goes Out & Back in.
139
What is in Dialysis Fluid?
Very Large Excess of Glucose so Doesn't Diffuse Out of Blood. No Urea. Optimum Level of Water & Ions.
140
What happens in a Kidney Transplant & What May Happen as Result?
Kidney Replaced with Healthy One from Donor.

Donor Kidney May be Rejected by Immune System & Recipient Antibodies May Attack Antigens on Surface of Donor Kidney as Don't Recognise Them.
141
How to Prevent Rejection of Transplanted Kidney?
-Donar with Tissue Type Similar to That of Recipient is Used

- Recipient is Treated With Drugs that Suppress Immune System
142
What are the Pros for Transplant & Cons for Dialysis?
-Dialysis Requires Repeated Treatments to Prevent Build-up of Toxins Between Sessions

-Inconvenience of Dialysis, e.g. repeated hospital visits

-Dialysis Requires Restricted Diet to Prevent Build-up Of Urea / Ions

-Dialysis Increases Risk of Infections

-Risk of Blood Clots With Dialysis

-Dialysis More Expensive in Long Term

-Transplant is a Long Term Treatment or May Remain Healthy for Many Years
143
What are the Cond for Transplant & Pros for Dialysis?
-Shortage of Kidney Donors Leading to Long Waiting Time

-Requires Death of Another Person or Live Donation Leaving a person With just 1 Kidney

-Exploitation of Poor People for Donor Kidneys (paying for organs)

-Possibility that Donated Kidney Will Be Rejected - need to match tissue type

•-Need Immunosuppressant Drugs - susceptibility to infection

-Dangers of Surgery - Physical Damage / Infection from Anaesthetic

-High Initial Cost-Limited Funding (either personal or NHS)
144
What is the Main Reproductive Hormone? where is it Made and what is the Main Function for a Female?
Oestrogen Produced in Ovaries & Causes Menstrual Cycle
145
What is the Main Reproductive Hormone? where is it Made and what is the Main Function for a Male?
Testosterone in Testes & Causes Sperm Production
146
What develops During Puberty and what Develops During Purity for Females?
Secondary sex characteristics for Female Eggs Begin in Mature Inside Follicles in Ovaries
147
When does Ovulation Occur and when does Menstruation Start?
Ovulation (Releases an Egg) Occurs on Day 14 of a 28 Day Cycle

Period Starts Day 1 of Menstrual Cycle
148
What are the Two Glands Which Produce Hormone in Menstrual Cycle?
Ovaries & Pituitary Gland
149
label the ovaries
150
How do Hormones Travel from Glands where they are Produced to their Target Organs?
Blooodstream
151
What are the Hormones that Control the Menstural Cycle & in What Order?
- FSH

- Oestrogen

- LH

- Progesterone
152
What does the Hormone FSH Stand For? what Gland Makes it & what is its Function?
Follicle Stimulating Hormone

- Stimulates Egg To Mature in Ovaries

- Stimulates Ovaries to Produced Oestrogen


• Made in Pituitary Gland
153
what Gland Makes Oestrogen & what is its Function?
- Builds up the Lining of Uterus

- Stimulates Production of LH

- Inhibits (slows down) Production of FSH

• Made in Ovaries
154
What does the Hormone LH Stand For? what Gland Makes it & what is its Function?
Lutenising Hormone

- Stimulates Release of Mature Egg from an Ovary into Oviduct (ovulation).

- Stimulates Progesterone

• Made in Pituitary Gland
155
what Gland Makes Progesterone & what is its Function?
- Maintains Lining of Uterus

- Inhibits Further Production of FSH + LH

• Made in Ovaries
156
What Happened to the Level of Progesterone when Egg is not Fertalised & then What Happend?
Progestrone Drops & Lining of Uterus Breaks Down & Menstration Occurs & Cycle Begins Again.
157
What Happened to the Level of Progesterone when Egg Is Fertalised & then What Happend?
Progestrone Level Stays High so Lining of Uterus is Maintained & Embryo Can Develop.
158
who is the problem Infertility?
Can be be Issue with Man, Woman or Both
159
What can a Woman be Given if finds it Difficult to conceive and What Does It Contain?
Fertility Drug Containing FSH & LH.
160
How can Infertility be Treated?,
In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)
161
What are the steps of IVF?
- Hormones (FSH + LHS) to Stimulate Ovaries

- Egg(s) Collected From Ovary

- Egg(s) Mixed with Sperm or Fertilisation Occurs in Petri Dish

- Fertalised Egg Divide

- Embryo Formed

- Embryos Inserted into Womb/Uterus
162
What are some Pros & Cons for IVS Treatment?
Pros
- Infertile Couples Can Have Biological Babies

Cons
- Very Emotional + Physically Stressful

- Low Success Rate

- Can Lead to Multiple Births which are Risk to Both

- Financial Cost to Individual + or /NHS

- Religious Objectives
163
What are the Mothods of Contraceptives & What they do?
Oral Contraceptives
Contain Hormones (Oestrogen &/or Progesterone) to Prevent Eggs Maturing / Ovulation

Injection, Implant or Skin Patch
Of slow Release Progesterone to Inhibit Eggs Maturing / Ovulation for Months or Years

Barrier Methods
Condoms & Diaphragms which Prevent Sperm Reaching Egg

Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
Prevent Implantation of an Embryo or Release Hormone to Prevent Ovulation

Spermicide Gels
Kill Sperm

Abstaining from Intercourse
When Egg May be in Oviduct

Surgical Methods
Male & Female Sterilisation
164
What are the Pros & Cons for Oral Contraception, implant, Condom, IUD and Sterilisation?
Oral Contraception
Pro- 99% Effective
Con- Could Forget

Implant
Pro- Can't Forget
Con- Put in my Medical Professional

Condom
Pro- Prevent STI
Con- Could Split

IUD
Pro- Last 5 Years
Con- Fitted By Medical Professional
- Bad Side Effects

Sterilisation
Pro- 100% Effective
Con- Permanent
165
What do Seeds Germinate To Become?
Seedling with a Shoot Roots & Leaves
166
What are Plants Sensitive to?
Light, Moisture & Gravity
167
What is a Plant's Response to a Stimulus called?
Tropism
168
What is it called when a Plant Grows Towards a Stimulus?
Positive Tropism
169
What's it Called when a Plant Grows Away from a Stimulus?
Negative Tropism
170
What's it Called when Shoots Grow Towards Light?
Positive Phototropism
171
explain Why it is an Advantage to a Plant if should show Positive Phototripism?
gets more light which means more photosynthesis to make more glucose
172
What is Positive Phototropism?
When Shoots Grow Towards Light
173
What's it Called when Roots Grow in Direction of the Force of Gravity?
Posotive Gravitropism/ Geotropism
174
explain why is an Advantage to a Plant if Roots show Positive Gravitropism?
To Absorb More Water & Mineral Ions & to Anchor Plant for Stabilisation
175
What is Posotive Gravitropism/ Geotropism?
when Roots Grow in Direction of the Force of Gravity (Down)
176
Fill in the Table for Positive or Negative? Phototropism or geotropism?
177
What do the Hormones Plants Produce do and What are they Called?
To Coordinate & Control Growth & Response to Stimuli

• Auxin
• Gibberellin
• Ethene
178
What do Auxins Affect and What are they Used For?
Affect Growth Rate of Roots & Shoots

Auxins Used in Agriculture & Horticulture:

- As Weed Killer

- As Rooting Powders

- For Promoting Growth in Tissue Culture
179
What is Gibberellin Important for and What is it Used For?
Important in Initiating Seed Germination

Gibberellin Can be used in Agriculture & Horticulture:

-End Seed Dormancy (winter)

-Promote Flowering

-Increase Fruit Size
180
What does Ethene Control and What are they Used For?
Controls Cell Division & Ripening of Fruits

Ethene Used in Food Industry to Control Ripening of Fruits During Storage & Transport.
181
Phototropism and Gravitropism in Plant are Controlled by What?
Auxin
182
How does Auxin Cause Shoots to Grow Towards Light?
- Auxin Builds Up on Dark Side (Star Wars) of Shoot on Equal Distribution of Auxin

- Auxin Causes Shoot Cells on Dark Side to Elongate

- So, MORE GROWTH on DARK Side of Shoot

- So, Shoot Bends Towards Light
183
How does Auxin Cause Roots to Grow Away from Light?
- In Root Shaded Side Still Contains More
Auxin

- SHADED SIDE GROWS LESS than Light Side

- Causes Root to Bend Away from Light
184
How does Auxin Cause Shoots to Grow Upwards?
- In Root Placed Horizontally, Bottom Side Contains More Auxin Than Top Side

- Makes BOTTOM Side GROW LESS than Top, Causing Root to Bend in Direction of Force of Gravity
185
How does Auxin Cause Shoots to Grow Upwards?
- In Root Placed Horizontally, Bottom Side Still Contains More Auxin than Top Side

-Makes Bottom Side Grow More than Top Side, Causing Shoot to Bend & Grow against Force of Gravity
186
Where Does Auxin Grow for Roots?
Low Side of Roots so Upper Side Grows Faster
187
Where Does Auxin Grow for Shoots?
Dark Side of Roots so cause Cell Elongation, so it Bends Towards Light
188
What is the Test & Results you can do for Geotropism?
In Beaker Effects of Gravity Cause Unequal Distribution of Auxin so Roots Grow

In Clinostat No Overall Effect of Gravity so Even Distribution of Auxin so Roots Do Not Grow Downwards
189
What is the Test & Results you can do for Phototropism?
A Shoot Tip Removed Grows Straight Up

B Shoot Tip Covered Grow Straight Up

C Shoot Intact + Uncovered Bends Towards Light
190
What is the Method for Requires Practical Effect of Light on Growth of Seedlings?
1) Set Up 3 Petri Dishes & With Damp Wool & 5 Seeds in Each

2) Put Petri Dishes in Warm Place Until Seeds Germinate

3) If Necessary Move Some Seedlings so All Seedlings are Sane Height

4) Move Petri Dishes:
- 1 Placed in Full Light
- 1 Placed in Partial Light
- 1 in Darkness

5) Measure Height of Each Seedling Each Day for Least Week & Make sure Straighten Any Curved Seedlings
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