1What is diabetes insipidus?
ADH insufficiency
leads to excessive fluid excretion
acute onset
2What is the clincal of diabetes insipidus?
Polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst
polydipsia, low urine specific gravity, low urine osmilality
3What is syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?
excessive excretion of ADH
leads to excessive water retention
4What is the diagnosis for SIADH?
serum hypoosmolality and hyponatremia (sodium)
urine hyperosmolarity
urine sodium excretion matches sodium intake
normal adrenal and thyroid function
absence of conditions that alter volume status
5What is the clinical SIADH?E
hypoatremia (low sodium)
thirst, imaired state, anorexia, dyspnea on excertion, faitgue, fulled sensorium, confusion, lethargy, muscle twitching leads to convulsions
6What is hypofunction of the anterior pituitary?
underproduction of hormone
7What causes hypofunction of the anterior pituitary?
congenital defects
disruption in blood flow, infection, inflammation, autoimmune responses, or neoplastic growth
decline in function with aging
atrophy as the result of drug therapy or unknown reasons
receptor defects (absent, defective, impaired ceullular responsiveness)
8What is panhypopituitarism?
hypofunction of anterior pituitary
absence of all pituitary hormones
9What happens with panhypopituitarism?
decrease secretion of pituitary hormones
usually occur gradually
can present as an acute and life-threatening condition
10What deficiency is more serious with hypofunction of anterior pituitary disorders?
ACTH
11What are the sympotms of hypopituarism?
being chronically unfit
weakness and fatigue
loss of appetite
impairment of sexual function
cold tolerance
12What is hyperfunction of anterior pituitary?
excessive hormone production - hyperpituitarism
13What causes hyperpituitarism?
excessive stimulation and hyperplasia of the endocrine gland
homrone-producing tumor of the galnd
14What is GH deficiency?
interferes with linear bone growth
results in short stature and dwarfism
below 5th percentile
15What is GH excess?
results in increased linear bone growth
Gigantism
Prepubertal child
Prolonged excessive GH increases blood glucose levels
16What can GH cause?
overgrowth of the cartilaginous parts of the skeleton
enlargement of the heart and other organs of the body
metabolic disturbances resulting in altered fat metabolism and impaired glucose tolerance
17What is acroomegaly?
when things grow larger abnormally
18What is the main cause of acromegaly?
Somatotrope adenoma (95% cause)
mean age 40 to 45
19What changes with the soft tissue growth of acromegaly?
increases small bones hand and feet
increases bones face and skull
broad bulbous nose
protruding lower jaw
slanting forehead
difficulty chewing/splayed bite
Kyphosis/hunchback
Athralgias
increase organ size
20What is necessary for the thyroid gland to synthesize and secrete hormones?
iodine
21What causes hyperthyroidism?
autoimmune repsonses
neoplasms
excessive intake of thyroid medications
excess secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from anterior pituitary gland
22What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
weight decrease (loss)
fluid volume
sex drive
23What are the signs of hyperthyroidsm?
weight loss
nervousness
exophthalmos
increased appetite
palpitations
heate intolerance
Palmar erythema
24What is hyperthyroidism caused by? (test q)
Grave's disease
25What is hypothyroidism?
insufficient amounts of TH
26What are the results of hypothyroidism?
hypometabolic state
decrease metabolic function; decreased oxygen consumption by tissue
decreased heat production
27What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?
intolerance to cold
facial/eyelid edema
dull-blank expression
thick tongue
slow speech
brittle nails and hair
lethargy
muscle weakness
constipation
28What is cushing syndrome?
excessive level of cortisol
long-term glucocorticoid therapy
29What are the clinical manifestations of cushing's syndrome?
truncal obesity
moon face
buffalo hump
purple striae
glucose intolerance
protein wasting
HTN
irritability and depression