cell structure and organisation 1.2
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What is the orange organelle called?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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What is the blue organelle called?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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What is this organelle?
Mitochondria
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What is this organelle?
Golgi body/apparatus
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Describe the Nucleus
- Largest organelle
- Contauns genetic material of cell (chromatin)
- Contauns genetic material of cell (chromatin)
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What is chromatin made out of?
DNA and histone proteins
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What does the genetic code in DNA code for?
Polypeptides
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Describe the nuclear envelope
- Double membrane
- Surrounds nucleus
- Has nuclear pores, allows stuff in n out
- Surrounds nucleus
- Has nuclear pores, allows stuff in n out
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Describe the nucleolus
- Makes RNA + ribosomes
- Sends them to cytoplasm
- Darkly stained area of nucleus
- Made from condensed chromatin
- Sends them to cytoplasm
- Darkly stained area of nucleus
- Made from condensed chromatin
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Describe the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- Involved in producing lipids
- Doesn’t have ribosomes
- Series of flattened membrane-bound sacs
- Doesn’t have ribosomes
- Series of flattened membrane-bound sacs
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Describe the rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Covered in ribosomes
- Involved in protein synthesis + transporting them
- Series of flattened membrane-bound sacs
- Involved in protein synthesis + transporting them
- Series of flattened membrane-bound sacs
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Describe the cilia / flagella
- Hair-like extensions that can move
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Describe the ribosomes
- Site of protein synthesis
- mRNA -> amino acids
- mRNA -> amino acids
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Describe the centrioles
- Protein fibres
- Involved in cell division
- Involved in production of spindle fibres
- Involved in cell division
- Involved in production of spindle fibres
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Describe the mitochondria
- Generates energy
- Site of respiration
- Produces ATP
- Cristae and Matrix in structure
- Site of respiration
- Produces ATP
- Cristae and Matrix in structure
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Describe the golgi apparatus / body
- Modifies and packages proteins
- Puts proteins in vesticles for transportation
- Puts proteins in vesticles for transportation
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Describe the chloroplast
- Site of photosynthesis
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Describe the vacuole
- Large organelle
- Plant cell
- Filled wirh fluid and nutrients
- Plant cell
- Filled wirh fluid and nutrients
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Describe the lysosome
- Small sacs in cytoplasm
- Contains enzymes that break down substances
- Contains enzymes that break down substances
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Describe the cell wall
- Made of strands of cellulose
- Creates rigidity to support cell
- Creates rigidity to support cell
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Describe the cell membrane
- Phospholipid bilayer
- Controls substances coming in n out of cell
- Controls substances coming in n out of cell
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Describe the cytoskeleton
- Network of protein fibres
- Maintains cell shape
- Maintains cell shape
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What ribosomes does a prokaryotic cell have?
70s
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What ribosomes does a eukaryotic cell have?
80s
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Why do all mitochondria look different?
They’re all cut at different planes
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What size are 70s ribosomes?
0.1 to 5 μm (micrometers)
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What size are 80s ribosomes?
10 to 100 μm (micrometers)
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What was the first type of cell?
Prokaryotic cell
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Which cell has it’s DNA in the nucleus and which doesn’t?
Prokaryotic- DNA not in nucleus, in cytoplasm
Eukaryotic- DNA in nucleus
Eukaryotic- DNA in nucleus
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What living things are Eukaryotes?
- Animals
- Plants
- Fungi
- Plants
- Fungi
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What did cell did Eukaryotes evolve from?
Prokaryotic cells
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What organelle is this?
Centriole
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What organelle is this?
Phospholipid bilayer, plasma membrane
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What organelles are ONLY in plant cells?
- Cell wall
- Vacuole
- Chloroplast
- Vacuole
- Chloroplast
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What organelle is ONLY in animal cells?
- Centriole
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What organelles are in a chloroplast?
Stroma
Granum
Starch grain
Double membrane
Thylakoid membrane
Thylakoid
Ribosome
DNA
Granum
Starch grain
Double membrane
Thylakoid membrane
Thylakoid
Ribosome
DNA
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Describe the Stroma
Site of chemical reactions. eg. calvin cycle
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Describe the thylakoid
Site of reaction for photosynthesis
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Describe viruses
20nm-400nm
No cell structure, too small for organelles
Acellular (not alive)
Need a host to survive
Genome inside a capsid
No cell structure, too small for organelles
Acellular (not alive)
Need a host to survive
Genome inside a capsid
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Describe exocytosis
Secretion of substances from cells
Adds new membrane by fusing vesicles
Increases surface area of plasma membrane
Adds new membrane by fusing vesicles
Increases surface area of plasma membrane
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Describe endocytosis
Takes in substances
Infolds plasma membrane to form phagocytic vesicles
Decreases surface area of plasma membrane
Infolds plasma membrane to form phagocytic vesicles
Decreases surface area of plasma membrane
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Whats a mesosome?
Folded part of the plasma membrane of a bacterial cell, increases the surface area
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What are the 4 types of tissue
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
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What are the diff types of connective tissue
Loose connective
Fibrous
Bone
Adipose
Cartilage
Blood
Fibrous
Bone
Adipose
Cartilage
Blood
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What are the diff types of epithelial tissue
Simple squamous
Columnar
Cuboidal
Stratified
Columnar
Cuboidal
Stratified
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What are the types of muscle tissues
Skeletal
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
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Which tissue has basement membranes?
Epithelial
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What is transitional tissue?
A mixture of tissues
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What is stratified tissue?
More than one layer of tissue, eg. oesophagus
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What is magnification?
How much bigger the image you see is to the actual size of it
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What is resolution?
How detailed the image is / how well a microscope distinguishes between 2 points that are close together
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Describe a light microscope
Uses beams of light
Can see colour
Live specimens
Low resolution
Low magnification
Can see colour
Live specimens
Low resolution
Low magnification
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Describe a electron microscope
Uses beams of electrons
Black and white
High resolution
High magnification
Dead specimens
Black and white
High resolution
High magnification
Dead specimens
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How to find magnification?
mag = length of image
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length of specimen
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length of specimen