APHG all terms

a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the built environment, with particular reference to the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity on the Earth's surface

the study of physical features of the earth's surface

The exact position of a place on the earth's surface.

the location of something in relation to something else

they way geographers look at everything-- in relation to space

a 2D model of the earth or a portion of its surface

A map which represents the perceptions and knowledge a person has of an area

the frequency or occurrence of something

a consistent or characteristic arrangement

a region marked by uniformity

a group of places linked together by some function's influence on them

a region defined by people's beliefs

technique of obtaining information about objects through the study of data collected by special instruments that are not in physical contact with the objects being analyzed

a computer program that stores geographic data and produces maps to show those data

the spread of a culture element or some other phenomena

a form of diffusion in which the cultural component spreads outward to new places while remaining strong in its original hearth

a form of diffusion that involves the actual movement of the original adopters from their point of origin to a new place

occurs when the "weaker" of two cultures adopts traits from the more dominant culture

in cultural convergence, this occurs when the original traits of the weaker culuter are completely erased and replaced by the traits of the more dominant culture

occurs when two cultures of just about equal power or influence meet and exchange ideas or traits without the domination seen in acculturation and assimilation

a form of expansion diffusion in which numerous places or people near the point of origin become adopters

occurs when the diffusion innovation or concept spreads from a place or person of power or high susceptibility to another ina leveled pattern

in which many hearths invent similar innovations without knowing about each other

the idea that human behavior is controlled by the physical environment

the idea that the natural environment places limits on the set of choices available to people

the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of society

the spread of culture

tangible result of a human group's interaction with its environment

area where innovations in culture began and from which such cultural elements spread

a single piece of a culture's traditions and practices

a unique combination of culture traits for a particular culture group

A cluster of regions in which related culture systems prevail.

A region within which common culture charecteristics prevail

collection of culture complexes that shaper a group's common identity

theory that a place is occupied by different groups of people, each group leaving an imprint on the place from which the next group learns

isolated group that has had long-lasting culture traits that have not changed substantially over time

mass culture that diffuses rapidly

the process though which something is given monetary value

expansion diffusion in which the innovative idea diffuses from its hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters

the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment

the look of housing, effected by the available materials, the environment the house is in, and the popular culture of the time

the truthfulness of origins, attributions, commitments, sincerity, devotion, and intentions; the quality of being authentic

the process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit

cultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings, traditions, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities

any informal norms, virtues, or values characterized by being followed through imitation and mild social pressure but not strictly enforced or put into law

consists of legends, music, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, and customs that are the traditions of that culture, subculture, or group

diffusion in which image takes precedence over practicality

the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people

the beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values , of a group of people

the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next

cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban-based, media-influenced, western societies

systems that are used to collect data

traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places

the commonly spoken language or dialect of a particular people or place

the exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous first-hand contact

adjusting to a translation based on the cultural environment of the target language

the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech, particularities, or mannerisms when they come into contact with another society or culture

contact and interaction of one culture and another

the separation of cultures through less and less contact and interaction between them; restriction of a culture from outside influences

the process of combining cultures together into one

the core-periphery idea that the core houses the main economic power of the region and the outlying region and that the periphery houses the lesser economic ties with the semi-periphery in-between the two

the way people categorize their culture, sometimes by the way they dress and what they eat

the entire region that displays the characteristics of a culture

a portion of earth's surface occupied by a population sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics

the notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice-versa

the process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes

the diffusion of new ideas

a shantytown in or near a city; slum area

adjusting to a translation based on the cultural environment of the target language

an area of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values

the systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation

a struggle that happened because of ethnicities interacting

a gathering of an ethnic group

people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture

a sizable area inhabited by an ethnic majority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region

a neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs

affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture

conviction of the evident superiority of one's own ethnic group

a forced or voluntarily segregated residential area housing a racial, ethnic, or religious minority

a society that contains various cultural groups

a categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics

a measure of the degree to which members of a minority group are non-uniformly distributed among the total population

a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in a place of the mother tongue

local or regional characteristics of a language

a family of several hundred related languages and dialects

a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs

group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin

set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics

a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce

the amount of variation of languages a place has

only one language spoken

more than one language spoken

in multilingual countries the language selected to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government

when two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary

an assumed, reconstructed, or recorded ancestral language

the study of place names of a region, or toponyms

in the context of arranged marriages in India, disputes over the price to be paid by the family of the bride to the father of the groom (the dowry) have, in some cases, lead to the death of the bride

to admit to citizenship; the rite of voting

social differences between men and women, rather than the anatomical, biological differences between the sexes

a measurable difference between the behaviors of men and women

the murder of infants

the difference of average expected life spans between different groups of people, nations, races, etc.

annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births

the belief that inanimate objects, such as trees, rocks, and rivers, posses souls

religion; belief that enlightenment will come through knowledge, especially self knowledge, elimination of greed, craving, and desire, complete honesty, and never hurting another person or animal

religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus

a philosophy of ethnics, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius

a religion that is particular to one culturally distinct group of people

a territory legally or politically attached to another territory with which is not physically contiguous

a territory whose geographical boundaries lie entirely within the boundaries of another territory

the interpretation of every word in the sacred text as literal truth

the Chinese art and science of the placement and orientation of tombs, dwellings, buildings, and cities

the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad

religion; unique in that it does not have a single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins

boundaries between the world's major faiths

religion; based on the teachings of Muhammad

an Indian religion that prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living things

religion; roots in the teachings of Abraham, who is credited with uniting his people to worship only one god

landscapes such as cemeteries that are only there because of the dead

the belief in a single god

belief in multiple gods

comprises the religious, institutional, and cultural elements of the most populace branch of the Latte Day Saint movement

hajj

a universalizing religion, which is an attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just those of one culture or location

the idea that after this life you will come back in another life either as a plant, animal, or a human

religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy

religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence

the origin and meaning of the names of religions

place or space people infuse with religious meaning

community faith in traditional societies in which people follow their shaman

the idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on earth not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife

the system of Islamic law, based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu'ran

religion; located in japan and related to Buddhism; focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship

religion; began in northern Inda; the principal belief is that faith in Vahiguru emphasizes faith in god

branch of Islam; orthodox/traditionalist; believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life's problems; accept traditions of Muhammad as authoritative

branch of Islam; Persian variation; believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali

the development of a new form of culture trait by the fusion of two or more distinct parental elements

religion; based upon Tao-te-ching, a book by Lao-Tsu which focuses on the proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature

a state whose government is under the control of a ruler who is deemed to be divinely guided, or of a group of religious leaders

belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is universal in scope

religion; based on the teachings of the prophet Zoroaster; founded in the eartly part of the 5th century BCE

a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

shows percentage of population in 5-year age groups, with the youngest group at the base of the pyramid and the oldest group at the top. The length of the bar represents the percentage of the total population in that group. Males are usually on the left and females on the right

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

The number of a people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals

the total number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population

The total number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in the population

the scientific study of population characteristics

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.

A sudden increase in the birth rate of a population

a model used in population geography that describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population; also called a population pyramid

The number of children born to an average woman in a population during her entire reproductive life

The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64 (non-working), compared to the number of people active in the labor force.

the time required for a population to double in size assuming constant rate

The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically.

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

circumstances of too few people to sufficiently develop the resources of a country or region to improve the level of living of its inhabitants.

This is when the projection population shows exponential growth; sometimes shape as a j-curve. This is important because if the population grows exponential our resource use will go up exponential and so will our use as well as a greater demand for food and services.

Variation of population density over a particular geographic area. For example, a country has a high population density in its urban areas and a much lower population density in rural areas.

Regions grouped together by the stage of the demographic transition model that most countries in the region are in. Cape Verde (Africa) is in Stage 2 (High Growth), Chile (Latin America) is in Stage 3 (Moderate Growth), and Denmark (Europe) is in Stage 4 (Low Growth). This is important because it shows how different parts of the world are in different stages of the demographic transition

A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.

the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area

the number of people per unit area of land

the rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century

a curve that depicts logistic growth; shape of an "S." The leveling off of a J-Curve exponential growth.

Large-scale emigration by talented people.

There are two types, contagious and hierarchical. Hierarchical is along high density areas that spread from urban to rural areas. Contagious is spread through the density of people. This is important in determining how the disease spread so you can predict how it will spread.

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

practice of assessing the location and composition of particular populations.

a level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to someone

This is an adaptation that has become less helpful than harmful. This relates to human geography because it has become less and less suitable and more of a problem or hindrance in its own right, as time goes on. Which shows as the world changes so do the things surrounding it

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

when the birth rate equals the death rate

The formula that calculates population change. The formula finds the increase (or decrease) in a population. The formula is found by doing births minus deaths plus (or minus) net migration. This is important because it helps to determine which stage in the demographic transition model a country is in.

the ability to meet humanities current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs; the 3 components of sustainability are economy, environment, and society (culture)

a figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population

A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away

Conditions that draw people to another location (pull factors) or cause people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region (push factors)

largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

the ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Number of people living in an area per a unit of measurement.

The result of death rates being higher than birth rates

how people distance themselves from one another

the government-required relocation of people away from overpopulated core regions to less crowded areas. (Indonesia has a policy of moving people away from Java.)

an official government strategy designed to affect any or all of several objectives including the size, composition, and distribution of population

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Migration within a country

patterns of movement; Intercontinental- over countries' borders, Interregional- within a region or certain area, Rural-Urban- from a rural area to an urban area (farm to a city)

Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.

immigrants who come into a country without the government's permission

moving into a population

Leaving a population

an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (food) (1766-1834)

A belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for too few resources. Named for Thomas Malthus, who predicted a dismal cycle of misery, vice, and starvation as a result of human overpopulation

A large business organization operating in a number of different national economies; the term implies a more extensive form of transnational corporation.

A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.

Producing abroad parts or products for domestic use or sale

Subcontracting production or services rather than performing those activities "in house."

Those parts of the economy involved in making natural resources available for use or further processing; included are mining, agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and grazing.

A method of setting prices that occurs when marginal revenue equals marginal cost.

Those parts of the economy concerned with research, with the gathering and dissemination of information, and with administration - including administration of the other economic activity levels; often considered only as a specialized subdivision of tertiary activities.

A sometimes separately recognized subsection of tertiary activity management functions involving highest-level decision making in all types of large organizations. Also deemed the most advanced form of the quaternary subsector.

A less-than-ideal best location, but one providing an acceptable level of utility or satisfaction.

Those parts of the economy involved in the processing of raw materials derived from primary activities and in altering or combining materials to produce commodities of enhanced utility and value; included are manufacturing, construction, and power generation.

When using a shorter haul distance is more expensive that one long haul distance.

The set of points delimiting the area within which a firm's profitable operation is possible.

An input cost in manufacturing that remains constant wherever production is located.

An input cost in manufacturing that changes significantly from place to place in its amount and its relative share of total costs.

In industry, the tendency to substitute one factor of production for another in order to achieve optimum plant location.

A curve that shows the relationship between the price of a product and the quantity of the product supplied.

(syn: fixed costs of transportation) The costs incurred, and charged, for loading and unloading freight at origin and destination points and for the paperwork involved; costs charged each shipment for terminal facility use and unrelated to distance of movement of line-haul costs.

Those parts of the economy that fulfill the exchange function, that provide market availability of commodities, and that bring together consumers and providers of services; included are wholesale and retail trade, associated transportational and governmental services, and personal and professional services of all kinds.

The process of skill transferring, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing.

A large business organization operating in at least two separate national economies; a form of multinational corporation.

A market-oriented industry whose establishments are distributed in direct proportion to the distribution of population.

A hypothetical portion of the earth's surface assumed to be an unbounded, uniformly flat plain with uniform and unvarying distribution of population, purchasing power, transport costs, accessibility, and the like.

[syn: line-haul costs (syn: over-the-road costs) The costs involved in the actual physical movement of goods (or passengers); costs of haulage (including equipment and routeway costs), excluding terminal costs.

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution.

When a product undergoes the gain of net weight by combining several things together to create a larger product.

When a product undergoes the loss of net weight by removal of the original materials.

The spatial grouping of people or activities for mutual benefit; in economic geography, the concentration of productive enterprises for collective of cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources and market access.

(syn. external economies) The savings to an individual enterprise derived for locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as other factories or retail stores.

A location where goods are transferred from one type of carrier to another (e.g., from barge to railroad).

The principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage of advantage in comparison to other areas, assuming free trade exists.

Companies that have diversified into various economic activities usually through a process of mergers and acquisitions.

The process of deconcentration; the location of industrial or other activities away from established agglomerations in response to growing costs of congestion, competition, and regulation.

The cumulative and sustained decline in the contribution of manufacturing to a national economy.

A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.

Factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises.

An activity cost (as of investment in land, plant, and equipment) that must be met without regard to level of output; an input cost that is spatially constant.

A descriptive term applied to manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting material or product in not important in determining location of production; an industry or firm showing neither market nor material orientation.

The manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass consumption of standardized goods. Named after Henry Ford, who innovated many of its production techniques.

The charge levied by a transporter for the loading, moving, and unloading of goods; includes line-haul costs and terminal costs.

A measure of the retarding or restraining effect of distance on spatial interaction. Generally, the greater the distance, the greater the cost of achieving the exchange.

The use of advanced scientific ideas and special skills and tools to meet people's needs.

A situation in which an increase or a decrease in price will not significantly affect demand for the product

The term applied to the rapid economic and social changes in agriculture and manufacturing that followed the introduction of the factory system to the textile industry of England in the last quarter of the 18th century.

A hypothetical portion of the earths surface assumed to be an unbounded, uniformly flat plain with uniform and unvarying distribution of population, purchasing power, transport costs, accessibility, and the like.

Process that redefines and simplifies manufacturing by reducing inventory levels and delivering raw materials just when they are needed on the production line

Type of industry in which labor cost is a high percentage of expense.

(syn. Weberian analysis) The view that the optimum location of a manufacturing establishment is at the place where the costs of transport and labor and the advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration are most favorable.

(syn. over-the-road costs) The costs involved in the actual physical movement of goods (or passengers); costs of haulage (including equipment and routeway costs), excluding terminal costs.

A logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated.

The circumstance under which the locational decision of a particular firm is influenced by the locations chosen by competitors.

A simple graphic model in Weberian analysis to illustrate the derivation of the least-transport-cost location of an industrial establishment.

The point of intersection of demand and supply curves of a given commodity; at equilibrium the market is cleared of the commodity.

The tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs.

Factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.

The tendency of an economic activity to locate near or at its source of raw material; this is experienced when material costs are highly variable spatially and/or represent a significant share of total costs.

The direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity.

In industrial agglomerations, the cumulative processes by which a given change (such as a new plant opening) sets in motion a sequence of further industrial employment and industrial growth.

In urban geography, the expected addition of nonbasic workers and dependents to a city's total employment and population that accompanies new basic sector employment.

precipitation that is unusually acidic; created when oxides of sulfur and nitrogen change chemically as they dissolve in water vapor in the atmosphere and return to earth as acidic rain, snow, or fog

a porous, water-bearing layer of rock, sand, or gravel below ground level

a major ecological community, including plants and animals, occupying an extensive earth area

(syn ecosphere) the thin film of air, water, and earth within which we love, including the atmosphere, surrounding and subsurface waters, and the upper reaches of the earth's crust

extension of desertlike landscapes as a result of overgrazing, destruction of the forests, or other human-induced changes, usually in semiarid regions

a population of organisms existing together in a small, relatively homogeneous area (pond, forest, small island) together with the energy, air, water, soil, and chemicals upon which it depends

surroundings; the totality of things that in any way may affect an organism, including both physical and cultural conditions; a region characterized by a certain set of physical conditions

the introduction into the biosphere of materials that because of their quantity, chemical nature, or temperature have a negative impact on the ecosystem or that cannot be readily disposed of by natural recycling processes

the practice of allowing plowed or cultivated land to remain uncropped or only partially cropped for one or more growing seasons

heating of the earth's surface as shortwave solar energy passes through the atmosphere, which is transparent to it but opaque to reradiated long-wave terrestrial energy; also, increasing the opacity of the atmosphere through the addition of increased amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases that trap heat

discarded solid, liquid, or gaseous material that poses a substantial threat to human health or to the environment when improperly disposed of or stored

the natural system by which water is continuously circulated through the biosphere by evaporation, condensation, and precipitation

the tendency for certain kinds of air pollutants to lower temperatures on earth by reflecting incoming sunlight back into space and thus preventing it from reaching (and heating) the earth

the distribution of an organism or the structure of an ecosystem can be explained by the control exerted by the single factor (such as temperature, light, water) that is most deficient, that is, that falls below the levels required

a gas molecule consisting of three atoms of oxygen formed when diatomic oxygen is exposed to UV radiation. In the upper atmosphere it forms a normally continuous, thin layer that blocks UV light; in the lower atmosphere it constitutes a damaging component of photochemical smog

the annual alteration of crops that make differential demands on or contributions to soil fertility

the complex mixture of loose material including minerals, organic and inorganic compounds, living organisms, air, and water found at teh earth's surface and capable of supporting plant life

the wearing away and removal of rock and soil particles from exposed surfaces by agents such as moving water, wind, or ice

the practice of planting crops on steep slopes that have been converted into a series of horizontal steplike level plots

discarded chemical substances that can cause serous illness or death

a boundary line established before the area in question is well populated

(syn geometric boundary) a boundary without obvious physical geographic basis; often a section of a parallel of latitude or a meridian of longitude

movement by a dissident minority intent to achieve partial or total independence of territory it occupies from the state within which it lies

1. economic and social forces pushing households and businesses outward from central and inner-city locations OR 2. forces of disruption and dissolution threatening the unity of a state

1. a force attracting establishments or activities to the city center OR 2. forces tending to bind together the citizens of a state

a state whose territory is nearly circular

(syn ethnographic boundary) a boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as religion or language

a guiding principle of US foreign policy during the Cold War period; to prevent or restrict the expansion of the Soviet Union's influence or control beyond its then existing limits

(1) the national or world districts of concentrated economic power, wealth, innovation, and advanced technology
(2) the heartland or nucleus of a state, containing its most developed area, greatest wealth, densest populations, and clearest national identity

the transfer of certain powers from the state central government to separate political subdivisions within the state's territory

a geopolitics theory made part of American containment (of the former Soviet Union) policy beginning in the 1950s. The theory maintained that if a single country fell under Soviet influence or control, its neighbors would likely follow, creating a ripple effect like a line of toppling dominos

the study of the geographical elements of the organization and results of elections

a state whose territory is long and narrow