Reactions!

Markovnikov regioselectivity: more substituted carbocat immediately reacts with H2O, Carbo cat IM possibly rearranges for 3 degree,

Double bond breaks, grabs proton (least sub), carbo cat reacts with water (most sub), Acid deprotonates Water, HA+product

Anti markov regio and syn stereo, not carbocation intermediate

Double attacks B of BH3, loses one H to the other carbo cat, same alkene copies over for all H, then all B bonds break and you have 1 of these triples and replace B with OH.
Added syn (so if other substituents, add line for B and H and make dash for subs)

Sn2 for 1 and 2, sn1 for 3, carbocat might rearrange with strong acid.
H attacks OH, creats H2O+, X- left over attacks, removes water and replaces

HO attacks Lp of P, ejects a Br. Intermediate with H+OPBr2. Pyradine (weak base) deprotonates. Then Br attacks and entire OPBr2 leavong group is seperated

OH lp attacks s of cl2-s=o, making -O. then =O reforms and cl is expelled. pyradine deprotonates, the Cl attacks removing(o-)s-cl=O

OMS/OTS/OTF
O attacks S, reducing 1 double bond. X group leaves, double bond reforms. Removed X deprotonates, boom good lg.

Protonate alcohol with H of HX, X attacks this +, then HX attacks again: Hot: 2R-X, Cold: R-X, R-OH [Leave 2/3 degree side first by sn1, IF SP2 C, Leave OH]

Usually single 1 degree, two 1 degree make mix of ethers. one 1 and one 3 make one ether sn1

O takes the H off of H2So4, then another alcohol attacks, removing the h2o+ and attaching an OH, creating an ether with an extra H. The removed water deprotonates, this creating R-o-R and H3O+.

If you mix 2 alcohols: r1-Oh and R2-OH, you get R1-O-R1, R1-O-R2, R2-O-R2

primary and 3rd, you get : R1-OH and (r2-)(r3-)R4-OH, you get R1-O to R2,R3,R4

Oh of NaOH takes the H from the alcohol. Sn2 where O attacks the HX, removes the x, makes product.

If dealing with epoxide (ie cyclohexane, one should be wedge, one dashed, if not cant stereowrk...)

mCPBA! Remember Her.... 3-chloeroperbenzene

Double bond attacks O closest to H and the same time, lone pair of this O attacks the double bond. Bond between this o and next O breaks, forms double bond to closest C. Now C is over loaded, double bond adds 2 e- to last O, but then attack the H, seperating the H from the original O.

cis->cis
trans->trans

Essentially break double bond and put a little triangle on it and for the mCPBA, eseentially collapse the H onto the next closest O

Acid: O attacks proton, then water attacks from more hindered side, breaking the C-O bond on that C and adding OH to other C. Water then deprotonates, 2, 2 OH groups

Base: NUC attacks Less hindered C, breaks C-O bond, water is used to protonate this O, Product

Inversion of Configuration in both cases where R to S or S to R....