Biology, disease, defence and treatment
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1
Who was penicillin discovered by?
Alexander Fleming
2
What is penicillin made of?
Fungus
3
What do antibiotics like penicillin do?
Destroy bacteria or stop its growth
4
What do antibiotics only work on? What do they not work on?
Only work on bacteria and fungi
Don’t kill viruses
Don’t kill viruses
5
What is the name of a antibiotic resistant bacteria? How may have it developed?
MRSA
Over-use of antibiotics
Over-use of antibiotics
6
How is the spread of MRSA prevented?
Keeping hospital wards clean
Hand washing
Hand washing
7
What are microorganisms that cause disease called?
Pathogens
8
What other things, other than pathogens, cause disease?
Fungi, protists, bacteria and viruses
9
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12
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13
What can pathogens spread by?
Contact
Aerosol
Bodily fluids
Water
Insects
Contaminated food
Aerosol
Bodily fluids
Water
Insects
Contaminated food
14
How are our bodies adapted to resist infection by microorganisms?
Skin flora- bacteria making it difficult for pathogens to become established
Intact skin- barrier, blood clots around wounds
Stomach acid+lysozome- in tears, protect where skin isn’t
Intact skin- barrier, blood clots around wounds
Stomach acid+lysozome- in tears, protect where skin isn’t
15
What happens if microbes enter the body?
White blood cells will respond
16
How do white blood cells recognise microbes?
Microbes haven proteins called antigens on their surface, phagocyte recognises it and engulfs it.
17
How does the phagocyte get rid of the microbe?
Enzymes inside digest the microorganism
18
What are antitoxins produced by?
Lymphocytes
19
What do antitoxins do?
Neutralise any toxins produced by invading microbes
20
Each different strain of microorgansim has its own specific ……..
antigen
21
What do antibodies produced by the lymphocytes have?
They have complementary shapes to the specific antigen on the microorganisms surface
22
How do antibodies destroy microbes?
Phagocyte marks them for destruction
Clumps microbes together so many can be destroyed at once
Destructs the microbe
Clumps microbes together so many can be destroyed at once
Destructs the microbe
23
Why does rigorous testing of drugs now happen?
Because thalidomide wasn’t tested- caused babies born to have birth defects
24
Why is rigorous testing of drugs now needed?
To avoid side effects
25
What are preclinical drug trials?
Testing on lab grown human cells
Testing on animals
Testing on healthy human volunteers
Testing on animals
Testing on healthy human volunteers
26
What are clinical trials?
Testing on a small group of patients
27
What types of clinical trials are there?
Placebo
Blind trial
Double blind trial
Blind trial
Double blind trial
28
What is a placebo clinical trial?
Placebo used instead of a drug in trial
29
What is a blind trial?
Patients don’t know if they’ve been given the drug or the placebo, but the doctors know
30
What is a double blind trial?
Patients or doctors dont know what patients have been given the drug or the placebo
31
How does immunity happen?
1- Lymphocyte recognises antigen
2- Lymphocyte produces specific antibody
3- cell that makes antibody divides
4- microorganism killed, clone cells die, memory cells left
5- if microbe come again, antibodies produce faster before symptoms arise- immunity
2- Lymphocyte produces specific antibody
3- cell that makes antibody divides
4- microorganism killed, clone cells die, memory cells left
5- if microbe come again, antibodies produce faster before symptoms arise- immunity
32
How else can you get immunity?
Through vaccines, they have dead virus inside them