1What are the chemical components of all cells?
Water, protein, lipid, inorganic water, carbohydrates, and other substances
2What do fat cells contain more of?
More lipids than water
3What are adipocytes?
Fat cells
4What are brown and white adipocytes filled with?
Lipids
5How much of adipocytes filling is water?
10-30% water
6How much of adipocytes filling is protein?
5-10% protein
7How much of adipocytes filling is fat?
60-90%
8What does adipose tissue (fat) provide?
Insulation, energy stprage, and important hormones that regulate metabolism and growth
9Where does adipose tissue insulation occur?
Subcutaneous fat
10What are muscle cells (fibers) mostly made up of?
Structural proteins
11What are muscle cells?
Fibers
12What is the primary function of muscle?
Movement
13What are the two kinds of contractile proteins?
Myosin and actin
14What type of structural proteins are muscle fibers packed with?
Contractile proteins
15What do muscle cells do?
Help pump blood, allow for blood flow, etc
16What do lipids act as?
Energy sources, messengers (hormones), and insulation
17What are saturated fatty acids full of?
Hydrogens
18What are polyunsaturated fatty acids missing?
Hydrogen double bonds
19What is the backbone of triglycerides?
Glycerol
20Where are phospholipids?
The cell membrane and are essential
21What separates fats from carbohydrates and proteins?
Hydrophobic properties
22How does cholesterol interact with water?
Hydrophobic
23What do peptides and proteins begin with?
Amino acids
24What are conjugated proteins?
Proteins that are attached to another molecule
25What are some types of conjugated proteins?
Glycoproteins, lipoproteins, nucleoproteins, chromoproteins, metallproteins, and phosphoproteins
26What are the two classifications of proteins?
Structural and reactive
27What are the general structures of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
28What are types of monosaccharides?
Glucose, galactose, fructose, and ribose (DNA or RNA)
29How is glucose produced?
Metabolized by glycolisis to produce energy
30What is the substrate for ribose and glycogen production?
Glucose
31What are almost all enzymes?
Proteins
32What are disaccharides?
A type of carbohydrate made up of two simple sugar molecules
33Sucrose =
Glucose + Fructose
34Lactose =
Beta-linked Galactose + Glucose
35Maltose =
Alpha-linked Glucose + Glucose
36What are polysaccharides?
A type of carbohydrates that include the polymerization of multiple sugar molecules
37What polysaccharide is in animal tissue?
Glycogen
38What oolysaccharide is in plant tissue?
Starch
39What do carbohydrates provide to the body?
Energy resources
40Glucose =
Lactate + 2 ATP
41What can lactate do that is important to glucose homeostasis?
It can return to the liver to produce more glucose
42What can enter the Krebs cycle?
Pyruvate produced by glycolisis
43What cells can produce large amounts of ATP from glucose?
Cells with mitochondria
44What is the storage form of glucose?
Glycogen
45How many carbons are in RNA and DNA?
5
46What are cell membranes?
Barriers
47What do membranes separate?
The cytoplasm from the external evironment
48What do cell membranes regulate?
The transport of large molecules and water soluble molecules in and out of the cell
49What are the large molecules regulated in and out of the cell?
Peptides and lipoproteins, etc
50What is the water soluble protein regulated in and out of the cell?
Glucose
51What is one problem with cell membranes?
They are really leaky
52What do intestinal luminal cells have?
Microvilli (small projections facing the lumen)
53How many membranes does mitochondria have?
2
54What do muscle fibers have embedded in them?
Neuromuscular junctions
55What are neuromuscular junctions?
Highly organized post-synpatic membranes
56What are cell organelles surrounded by?
Membranes
57Which cell organelles have outer membranes that are very leaky?
Mitochondria and nuclei
58What does the cell membrane have that helps it regulate what comes in and out?
Two phospholipid layers (lipid bilayers)
59What is special about the two phospholipid tails?
They are hydrophobic
60What are the two phospholipid tails?
Fatty acid and hydrocarbon chains
61What is special about the polsr portion of phospholipids?
They are hydrophilic
62What do phospholipids not have?
They have no energy storage
63What do phospholipids not allow to pass through passively?
Glucose, ions (charged particles), or large molecules
64What do membranes also contain?
Proteins
65What are the kind of proteins within cell membranes?
Ion channels, hormone receptors, and transport proteins
66What is an essential component of cell membranes?
Cholesterol (too much can cause build up, though)
67What does membrane cholesterol do?
Regulate membrane fluidity
68What are Beta-Antagonists?
Growth promotants
69What do Beta-Antagonists do?
They bind to beta receptors and activate specific intracellular enzyme systems
70What are cell adhesion molecules?
Membrane proteins that connect cells of the same type together
71What are the types of cell adhesion molecules?
Desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions
72What do desmosomes do?
Tightly bind and thicken adjacent cells
73What do tight junctions do?
Restrict the movement of water or dissolved materials into the space between adjacent cells
74What do gap junctions do?
Extend between adjacent cells and allows passage of small molecules or ions
75What are gap junctions important for?
Contraction in cardiac and smooth muscle
76What do membranes selectively take up or secrete?
Large molecules (normally proteins)
77What do membranes actively transport?
Ions (especially Na and K)
78What do cell membranes passively transport?
Small, polar molecules (especially glucose)
79What are the types of transportation across the membrane?
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
80What is endocytosis?
Essentially taking up or eating of proteins and particles by wrapping the cell membrane around the particle and taking it into the cell
81What are the two types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis
82What is phagocytosis?
The importation of large proteins
83What is pinocytosis?
The importation of small amounts of fluid containing dissolved particles
84What is Exocytosis?
The exportation of proteins (ex. insulin) by small membrane-bound vesicles fusing with the membrane and expeling the proteins out of the cell
85What does osmosis require?
Selectively permeable membranes
86What is the basis of osmosis?
Water, but not solutes (Na or K) passing through the cell membrane through pores to a region of high concentration of solutes
87What is osmosis?
The movement of water through pores within a selectivley permeable membrane
88What is diffusion?
The dilution of solvents via the movement of water
89What causes diffusion?
Osmosis
90What happens when a cell is hypotonic?
When there are more solutes in the cell than out, so water diffuses into the cell causing swelling
91What happens when a cell is hypertonic?
When there are more solutes outside of the cell than in, so water diffuses out of the cell causing shrinking
92What is facilitated diffusion?
When glucose and amino acids are transported across membranes with specific carrier proteins - this does not require energy
93How does insulin work in regards to glucose?
It stimulates glucose transporter proteins within muscle and adipose tissue to move from the cytoplasm to the cell membranes
94What do the glucose transporter proteins do?
Bind to glucose and carry it into the cell
95What is active transport?
When Na is pumped out of the cell and K is pumped into the cell - this requires energy
96What is the ratio for Na:K pumping?
When 3 Na are pumped out, 2 K are pumped
97What does the active transport of Na and K cause?
A charge difference across the membrane, creating the resting membrane potential
98What are excitable cells?
Cells that conduct a current
99What do excitable cells do?
Transmit information from the brain or spinal cord to another excitable cell (nerves --> muscle)
100What does the nervous system do?
Generates an electrical signal
101What do muscles do in regards to the nervous system?
Respond to its electrical signal (contract) by conducting the elerctrical signal across the muscle fiber
102What transmits electrical signals to the muscle?
Nerves
103Why do nerves and muscle fibers conduct current?
Because of the difference in concentrations between Na and K between the inside and outside of the cell
104What is the basis for the resting membrane potential (RMP)?
The Na and K difference, which creates a concentration difference across the cell membrane
105Which ion can leak out the cell?
Potassium
106Which ion is the membrane relatively impermeable to?
Sodium (but small amount is always leaking in)
107What is special about the charge inside of the cell versus the outside?
The inside of the cell is negative (-60 mV) relative to the outside of the cell
108What is the RMP of a cell?
-60 mV
109What is special about excitable cells?
All cells have Na-K pumps, but only a few cells are excitable
110How do sodium enter the cell?
Through electrically-gated channels
111What are electrically-gated channels?
Channels whose permeability varies with electrical potential across the membrane
112What causes electrically-gated channels to open up for sodium?
When the RMP rises (typically to -45 mV)/depolarization
113What do action potentials cause?
Muscles to contract
114What does the terminal axon release?
Acetylcholine
115What does acetylcholine cause?
Depolarization of the muscle membrane
116What is depolarization?
When the RMP goes from -60 mV to around -40 mV
117What is propagation
The spread of depolarization
118What happens when aetylcholine is released?
Depolarization occurs and propagation occurs along the entire surface of the muscle
119What is action potential?
The rapid change in voltage across a cell membrane
120What happens when Na floods the muscle fiber?
The RMP spikes to +40 mV