Light and Optics Part 1

transverse waves that travel with the speed of light and can propagate in a vacuum. it is an oscillation of the electric feld and magnetic field in space. these fields oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of motion

roygbiv

below frequency

above frequency

c

3e8

red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet (roygbiv)

violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red (roygbiv but backwards)

c=yf

basically how light propogation is drawn on paper, like where light is illuminated (a candle tip would show wavefront of ripples)

help our understandin go reality, characteristic of modeeling in the physical sceinces

an optical device designed for specular reflection from a smooth, shiny surface

a mirror that reflects light towards the principal axis

transverse waves that travel with the speed of light and can propagate in a vacuum. it is an oscillation of the electric feld and magnetic field in space. these fields oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of motion

transverse waves that travel with the speed of light and can propagate in a vacuum. it is an oscillation of the electric feld and magnetic field in space. these fields oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of motion

a mirror that reflects light away from the principal acis.

transverse waves that travel with the speed of light and can propagate in a vacuum. it is an oscillation of the electric feld and magnetic field in space. these fields oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of motion

transverse waves that travel with the speed of light and can propagate in a vacuum. it is an oscillation of the electric feld and magnetic field in space. these fields oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of motion

light from source

transverse waves that travel with the speed of light and can propagate in a vacuum. it is an oscillation of the electric feld and magnetic field in space. these fields oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of motion

a straight line that foes through the center of the lens at right angles to the lens suraface (applied to mirros too)

point on the pircipal axis through which a ray of light parallel to the principal acis passes after refraction in the lens (or reflection in the mirror)

refraction; reflection

transverse waves that travel with the speed of light and can propagate in a vacuum. it is an oscillation of the electric feld and magnetic field in space. these fields oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of motion

Virtual images are erect
Virtual images can be formed by concave, convex or plane mirrors.
Virtual images appear to be on the lens or the mirror itself
Convex mirror forms a virtual image
Virtual images are formed due to the imaginary intersection of light rays

image in back of mirror (virtual image)

radius of the shere that the mirror is a portion of

f = 1/2C where C is the redius of curviture

image is not inverted

distance of object

object in front of mirror

transverse waves that travel with the speed of light and can propagate in a vacuum. it is an oscillation of the electric feld and magnetic field in space. these fields oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of motion

polaroids

polaroids

(2/R) = 1/ u + 1/ v

converging mirror

transverse waves that travel with the speed of light and can propagate in a vacuum. it is an oscillation of the electric feld and magnetic field in space. these fields oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of motion

image is inverted

1) draw a paralel line to lens, then draw a line to focal point
2) draw a focal point line to lens, then draw a parallel line of the prinvipal axis
3) draw a line through center of lens, continue along that line (or for mirrors, draw a line through center of curvature (R))

Size (bigger or smaller than object) , Altitude (upright or inverted), Location (in front or behind focal pint), Type (virtual or real)

f is negative and R is negatice

light rays don't coverge to focal point, resulting in blurry image

it solves the issue with spherical aberration because all light if focused at focal point

the process or phenonmenon in which the waves of light a re restricted to a certain direction of vibration, usually specified in terms of electric field vector

glare

at one particular angle of incidence, the reflected light will be completely polarized parallel to the plane of reflection. this angle of incidence is Brewster's Angle. At this angle, the angle between the reflected ray and the refracted ray will be 90 degrees

polaroids

(Initial Intensity)cos^2(o)

50%

some of the wave energy is transmitted and some is reflected off the surface

u need waves to be bounced back

from the normal of the refracted ray

n = c/v

n1sin(theta)1 = n2sin(theta)2

p = 1/f

real

virtual

Mt = M1 * M2

farther

closer

the angle of incidence beyond which rays of light passing through a denser medium to the surface of a less dense medium are no longer refracted but totally reflected

n1sin(theta for critical angle) = n1sin(90) ; sin(theta for critical angle)= n2/n1

each color of light is refracted to a different extent

a problem with the image formed by a lens due to dispersion, where different colors of light focus at slightly different points

using achromitic lens

a pair of lenses with different indices of refraction, shaped to make sure that all lightfocuses properly

on

off

step index and graded

core has a higher, uniform index of refraction, and the cladding material has a lower, constant index of refraction. the refractice indez is a step down as the light moves from the core to the cadding (it is like a zig zag path)

core has an index of refraction that decreases radially outward from the center of the core to the outer edge. the index of refreaction of the claddding is constant, causing the light to tracel in a more sinusoidal path and reduce waveguide despersion

transmits data quickly and effienctly, becauase the data is being transmitted as alight, little light is lost

any reduction in strength of a signal

negative

10log(P (out) / P (in)

the spreading out of a light pulse in time as it poopagates down a optic fiber

data can be loss

material dispersion and waveguide dispersion

remmebr that all colors refract in different ways, so they all will slolwy because more dispersed

no because you cant change how light (and the indivudal colors) bend

causes too many different wavelengths to propagate at different velocities; some light travels through the core material (slow), and some light travels tohrough the cladding (fast), causing pulses to spread out

graded

low attentuation
no cross talk
higher data transer rates
flexible and take up less space

unidirectional light propagation
high cost
installation and maintenance require expertise
cannot transmit electricity

magnifying glass
projector
burner

in front of focal length; cirtual bigger,upright

behind focal point ; real, bigger, inverted

object placed far away from the covergin lens; makes the image real, smaller, inverted

closest smth an eye can focus on comfortably

ratio of the angular size of the object as seen through an optical instrument, to the angular size of the object as seen with the eye

a = h/D

M(infinity) = D/f where D is diameter

Two lens:
1) objective lens (F0 < 1cm) -- produces a real, inverted and nelarged image of an object far beyond its focal point (projector)

2) the eyepiece or ocular lens -- position so that the real image from lens 1 falls just inside the focal point, creating a mgnified virtual image. (mag glass)

Two lens:

1) object lens--produces a real, inverted and smaller image of an object at its focal point (burner)
2) eyepiece or ocular lens -- position ed so that the real image from the lens1 falls just inside the focal point, creating ma magnified virtual image. this is like a simple magnfying flass looking at a real image (mag glass)

M = - (fo)/(fe)

image is inverted

uses a coverging objective lens along witha diverging eyepiece lens. produces a non interted image, and only good for a narrow field of view and a magnification up about 30

lens are arranged so that the image form the coverging lens falls near the focal point of the diverging lens.

same way as for refracting telescope (M = - (f0) / (fe)

not to mag images, but to gather light so that we can see faint dim objects more clearly, and resolve dealtails more clearly.

wide lens can begin to sag under their own weight, causing distortions. to counter, wide lens are thick and heavy and placed at the end of the telescope.

switch from using a converging lens as objective and use a concave mirror, becoming a reflecting telescope

newtonian reflector have flat internal mirros while cassegrain has a slightly convex mirror

have a parabolic shape; parallel rays will therefore collect at the focus of the mirror;

(0)(A) = 1.22(y/ b)

radians

light gather ability and abilty to resolve details (larger the siameter, more details u can see0

their signals link ot create a larger effective daimeter

An arrray of radio telescopes that can be linked together to create an enormouse effective diamter

daytime, clouds, pollution, eather's atmosphere

move the telescope to space

hubble space telescope

James Webb Space Telescope

visible and ultraviolit

Earth

sun

red and infrared