1explain health conditions and provide infromation about the incidence and prevalence of certain conditions within a diagnostic group
descriptive studies
2can provide practitioners with information about comorbidities that are common with a particular condition
descriptive studies
3provide information about factors that are related to a particular outcome
predictive studies
4- undertaken to observe and understand conditions and populations
- they observe naturally occuring characteristics and do not manipulate variables so are considered NONEXPERIMENTAL
descriptive studies
5identifies the incidence and prevalence of specific conditions in populations
epidemiology
6what is often analyzed in prevalence and incidence studies
subgroups within a population, such as gender and age
7is the frequency of new occurences of a condition during a specific time period, calculated as the number of new cases during a time period, divided by the total population at risk
incidence
8refers to the number of individuals in a population who have a specific condition at a given point in time, regardless of onset, calcuated as the number of cases at a given time point, divided by the total population at risk
prevalence
9number of new cases during a time period/total population at risk
incidence
10number of cases at a given time point/total population at risk
prevalence
11what is prevalence influenced by
both incidence and the duration of the disease
12is prevalence or incidence higher in chronic conditions
prevalence is much higher than incidence with chronic conditions because of the extended duration of the disease
13is it possible to make conclusions regarding causation with incidence and prevalence studies
no
14which data collection method is more reliable for incidence and prevalence studies?
physical/objective measures or self reported data from a survey
physical/objective measures
15cross-sectional designs that compare two or more groups at one point in time
ex post facto comparisons
16why are group comparison studies not experimental
because the independent variable of group assignment is not manipulated; instead, the difference in groups is based on pre-existing conditions
17The lack of random assignment and manipulation of the independent variable present potential threats to
validity
18what populations are often studied in group comparison studies
compare a disability group to a group of individuals without a disability
19what type of research might use a group comparison study
developmental research
20gathers descriptive information about health conditions via mail, electronic media, telephone, or face to face contact
survey research
21is the percentage of individuals who return a survey based on the total numbers of surveys administered
response rate
22is there a universally accepted response rate
no but some joiurnals now require a certain level of response
23refers to a measurement error that creates inaccuracy in the survey results
response bias
24people generally have a desire to present themselves in a favorable light, and thus may underreport certain conditions
self reporting issues
25what are some methods to reduce nonresponse and underreporting
face to face interviews, training of the interviewers in establishing rapport, well-designed questionnaires, and the use of objective measures to verify self reports
26most surveys used in research are____________, gathering data at a single point in time
cross sectional
27several different research designs can be used to answer questions about predicting an outcome. The two major categories of such studies are:
- studies that use correlational methods
- studies using group comparison methods
28to identify factors most predictice of an outcome, the two major categories of studies use ________ methods or ______________ methods
correlational mothods or group comparison methods
29are cross sectional and examine the relationships between two or more variables
correlational studies