Biology Exam 3: Metabolism and Diabetes

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autoimmune disorder where a genetic mutation causes an inability to produce insulin

yes, type i is an abnormal response to blood glucose, not to insulin, when given insulin their receptors work as normal

cells lose insulin sensitivity from being in a disease/out of range state for an extended period resulting in oxidative stress, lipotoxicity,

HbA1C levels, how glycosylated hemoglobin in the bloodstream is (more sugar means less effective of an oxygen carrier)

polysaccharaides (-ose), disaccharides, monosaccharides

triglycerides, fatty acids and glycerol

polypeptides, peptides, amino acids

RNA/DNA, nucleotides, (not digested lik the other three)

enzymes for chemical digestion and mechanical digestion by chewing/swalling/squeezing ect

breaks down carbs in saliva and pancreas

proteins with proteases

lipids with bile salts

membrane bound organelles

amylase and lipase occasionally

water

size and polarity

large, absorption help by microvilli

sodium gradient

NADH

stores glucose as fat, catabolizes through lipolysis

outside the mitochondria, glucose to 2 pyruvate, generates 2 ATP and 2NADH

now inside the mitochondria, pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, generates 2NADH and 2CO2

2 rounds turn 2Acetyl CoA into 4 CO2, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 2ATP

proton gradient created and pumped across using proteins which oxidzes NADH/FADH2 into NAD+ and FADH+, passive transport of H+ through ATP synthase creates it from ADP to ATP