1Define cellular respiration
the metabolic process in living organisms by which oxygen is combined with carbon in a cell to form carbon dioxide and generate energy
2Write the general equation for photosynthesis
6CO2+6H2O -> C6H12O6+6O2
3Write the general equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6+6O2 -> 6CO2+6H2O
4Define Homeotherm
an organism that maintains a constant body temperature regardless of the temperature of the surrounding environment
5Define poikilotherm
an organism whose body temperature fluctuates with its surrounding environment
6Why did the hamster consume more oxygen than the frog?
it was smaller
7name the major respiratory organ in fish
gills
8name the major respiratory organ in insects
spiracles
9Name the major respiratory organ in birds and mammals
lungs
10Describe the path that air takes from outside the body to the site of gas exchange, naming all the structures through which it passes
air goes down the pharynx through the trachea and into the lungs. Then, it passes through the bronchi, to the bronchioles and then to the alveoli, where the first site of gas exchange occurs.
11Where does the actual exhange of gases between the lungs and blood occur?
alveoli
12give the common name for the trachea
windpipe
13give the common name for the pharynx
throat
14give the common name for the larynx
voice box
15give the common name for the thoracic cavity
chest cavity
16Define vital capacity
the volume of air exhaled by the deepest possible expiration following the deepest inspiration possible
17In what way does hyperventilation change blood CO2 levels?
it decreases CO2
18why did the respiratory rate of fish change with temperature
higher temperature correlates with higher ventilation rate, this is due to the fact that temperature affects chemical reactions (metabolism being a chemical reaction, increases the rate)
19Determine the color and the reason for that color for the solution: snail + water + bromthymol blue
Yellow– high CO2
20Determine the color and the reason for that color for the solution: elodea + water +bromthymol blue
Turquoise– less CO2
21Define biological evolution
change that occurs in organisms over time
22Define microevolution
small-scale changes that occur in organisms, such as changes in genetic makeup
23Define macroevolution
large-scale changes that occur in organisms, such as one species changing into a new species
24Define gene mutation
A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene
25Define habitat
The natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism
26Define selective pressures
a force that causes a particular organism to evolve in a certain direction. It is not a physical force, but an interaction between natural variation in a species and factors in its environment that cause a certain form to have an advantage over the others.
27Define species
a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.
28Explain the expression "descent with modification"
The idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor. It's basically natural selection.
29Describe natural selection
Descent with modification; survival of the fittest
30What are the 3 leading causes of extinction today
habitat loss, introduced species, and overexploitation
31what is the leading causes of extinction today?
habitat loss
32describe the causes of past mass extinctions
wide-scale rapid environmental changes that many species were not able to adapt to quickly
33describe how the current mass extinction is different from past mass extinction
once humans alter a habitat, it doesn't return to its original form
34What does it mean for a species to be endangered?
a species is in danger of extinction
35what is the goal of conservation biology?
prevent a species from going extinct by protecting the species directly or protecting its habitat
36Define ecology
interactions between organisms and environment
37Define population
same species in an area (example: pride of lions)
38Define community
different species together in an area
39Define ecosystem
a community plus abiotic factors
40levels of ecology in order of increasing complexity
population, community, ecosystem
41Define abiotic factors
non-living environmental factors
42define biotic factors
living environmental factors
43What process creates new genes
gene mutation
44what process recombines genes into new combinations?
[gene] recombination
45what in an owl pellet?
owl furball; regurgitated item containing undigestable features such as bones and fur
46What does an owl pellet tell us?
what the owl ate and how big the owl is
47decribe trophic levels
feeding levels
48Describe coevolution
as one species evolves it directly impacts the course of evolution in the other species. Example, over time the predators get faster and then the prey must get faster in response; the slower prey get caught and eaten.
49define population genetics
deals with a group of individuals of the same species, like if we studiedthe gene pool of a group of humans
50define organismal genetics
deals with one individual, like if we studied the genome of just one human
51define molecular genetics
deals with the molecules that genes are made of. Also could be the study of the structure and function of DNA and RNA.
52nucleic acids
information storage molecules such as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
53define gene
unit of hereditary information (that occupies a fixed position (locus) on a chromosome)
54diploid
(two) refers to the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells. All cells, minus sex cells, are diploid
55haploid
(single)describes a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes. Sex cells, gametes, such as eggs and sperm, are haploid
56Who figured out the basic rules of genetics
Gregor Mendel
57A gene mutation may result in what three outcomes?
harmful, similar, or better
58each nucleotide consists of which three components?
phosphate, sugar, base
59In DNA, what are the bond pairs?
Adenine (A) = Thymine (T); Cytosine (C) = Guanine (G)
60In RNA, what are the bond pairs?
Adenine (A) = Uracil (U); Cytosine (C) = Guanine (G)
61Transcription is when...
DNA letters are copied (transcribed) into RNA letters
62Translation is when...
the mRNA molecule is translated into a different language, such as the amino acid language
63Explain 2 structural ways in which DNA and RNA differ
RNA is single strand whereas DNA is double; uracil replaces thymine in RNA
64What does GM stand for?
genetically modified
65what disease was gene therapy used to cure?
SCID