Social Neurobiology
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1
Which is NOT one of the brain principles discussed?
- The brain runs itself
- The brain controls the entire body
- The brain only controls conscious thoughts
- The brain uses excitation and inhibition
2
Why is inhibition important for brain function?
- It prevents all neural communication
- It helps filter distractions and focus
- It permanently stops electrical activity
- It increases every neural signal
3
How do genes and environment influence behavior?
- Genes alone determine behavior
- Environment alone determines behavior
- Both genes and environment can influence behavior
- Behavior is unrelated to biology
4
What is the order of the central dogma?
- RNA → DNA → protein
- Protein → RNA → DNA
- DNA → protein → RNA
- DNA → RNA → protein
5
How do psychology and biology differ?
- Psychology studies cognition and behavior, while biology studies life
- Psychology studies neurons only, while biology studies behavior only
- Psychology studies genes, while biology studies emotions
- They are identical disciplines
6
Which is a brain manipulation technique rather than an imaging technique?
- MRI
- PET
- TMS
- fMRI
7
Which statement about neurons matches the notes?
- A neuron communicates with only one neuron
- Neurons can communicate with many neurons
- Neurons never use electrical signals
- Neurons exist only in the spinal cord
8
Which neuron structure mainly receives incoming signals?
- Axon
- Myelin sheath
- Terminal buttons
- Dendrites
9
What is the main function of the myelin sheath?
- Help signals travel efficiently along axons
- Produce neurotransmitters in the nucleus
- Receive incoming signals
- Prevent connections from forming
10
Which neurotransmitter was identified as inhibitory?
- Dopamine
- Glutamate
- GABA
- Acetylcholine
11
What does the blood-brain barrier do?
- Lets all blood substances enter the brain
- Regulates entry of substances from blood to brain
- Produces neural electrical signals
- Blocks all nutrients
12
Why is the area postrema important?
- It produces speech
- It produces all neurotransmitters
- It controls voluntary movement
- It detects some toxins and helps trigger vomiting
13
How do electrical and chemical neural signals differ?
- Electrical signals travel along neurons, while chemical signals cross synapses
- Chemical signals occur only in spinal cord
- Electrical signaling requires transmitters along every axon segment
- They are the same process
14
What happens during the rising phase of an action potential?
- Potassium enters
- Sodium leaves
- Sodium enters
- The neuron stops firing permanently
15
Which role of glutamate is highlighted in the notes?
- Only sleep
- Learning
- Blocking all synapses
- Forming the blood-brain barrier
16
What does Gallup’s mirror test investigate?
- Mathematical intelligence
- Human-face recognition
- Language development
- Recognition of one’s own reflection
17
What sequence describes the mirror-mark experiment in the notes?
- Mirror exposure → anesthesia → mark placement → observation
- Mark placement → observation → anesthesia → mirror exposure
- Anesthesia → mirror exposure → observation → mark placement
- Observation → mark placement → mirror exposure → anesthesia
18
At about what age do babies begin to show mirror self-recognition in the notes?
- 6 months
- 12 months
- 18 months
- 5 years
19
Which bird was mentioned as showing self-recognition?
- Jellyfish
- Magpies
- Earthworms
- Sea stars
20
What does the Wada test involve?
- Measuring transmitter speed
- Measuring neuron firing
- Measuring dopamine concentration
- Temporarily anesthetizing one brain hemisphere
21
What may happen when the right hemisphere is anesthetized, according to the notes?
- Temporary loss of aspects of self-recognition
- Permanent loss of all memories
- Loss of oxygen to the left hemisphere
- Complete spinal cord shutdown
22
A person recognizes others but not themselves. What is disrupted?
- Prosopagnosia
- Conformity
- Self-recognition
- Nostalgia
23
A person insists a familiar relative is an impostor. What condition fits?
- Prosopagnosia
- Capgras syndrome
- Mirror self-recognition
- Self-enhancement
24
Which lobe is important for social skills and behavior?
- Medulla
- Spinal cord
- Occipital lobe
- Frontal lobe
25
What do cortical midline structures contribute to?
- Self-related processing and awareness
- Cerebrospinal fluid production
- Control of all peripheral nerves
- Hearing only
26
What is self-centered deception?
- Lying to protect others
- Lying without consequences
- Lying mainly to benefit oneself
- Lying due to impaired vision
27
Which is an example of other-centered deception?
- Lying to avoid punishment
- A reassuring lie to spare a friend’s feelings
- Exaggerating achievements for promotion
- Lying about age for advantage
28
What is self-enhancement?
- Inability to recognize oneself
- Evaluating everyone else negatively
- Complete absence of awareness
- Viewing oneself especially favorably
29
Which region was linked to self-enhancement and overclaiming?
- Medial prefrontal cortex
- Primary auditory cortex
- Cerebellum
- Medulla
30
What is overclaiming?
- Detecting another person’s lie
- Accurately judging your abilities
- Claiming knowledge you do not possess
- Declining unfamiliar questions
31
What potential benefit of self-deception was discussed?
- Eliminating social needs
- Protecting self-esteem and reducing negative feelings
- Guaranteeing lie detection
- Preventing emotions
32
Why can deception be considered social behavior?
- It occurs only alone
- It does not involve understanding others
- It is independent of brain activity
- It can influence other people’s beliefs
33
Which was discussed as a possible early autism sign?
- Reduced eye contact
- Faster reflexes
- Improved night vision
- Increased strength
34
Which group is diagnosed with autism more often in the notes?
- Females
- Males
- Exactly equal rates
- Only adults
35
Why might autism diagnosis rates change over time?
- Autism only begins in adulthood
- Brain cells stopped functioning in younger generations
- Awareness and diagnostic practices may change
- Pollution is proven to be the sole cause
36
Which statement about genetics and autism is best supported?
- No genetic influence
- Always one gene
- Only parenting causes autism
- Genetic factors can contribute alongside other influences
37
What is nostalgia?
- A sentimental response to memories of the past
- Complete autobiographical memory loss
- Inability to feel emotions
- A spinal reflex
38
Which brain structures were linked to nostalgia and emotional memory?
- Medulla and spinal cord
- Cerebellum and occipital cortex
- Hippocampus and amygdala
- Motor cortex and brainstem
39
What emotional effects can nostalgia have?
- Only happiness
- Closeness and sometimes sadness
- No response to memories
- Prevention of new relationships
40
Which brain region was linked to conformity?
- Primary visual cortex
- Spinal cord
- Medulla
- Anterior insula
41
Why might people conform to group opinions?
- To reduce disagreement and conflict
- Because individual opinions cannot be processed
- Because emotions must be absent
- Because groups are always correct
42
Which region is involved in reward-related aspects of conformity?
- Medulla
- Occipital cortex
- Nucleus accumbens
- Spinal cord
43
What is an important human social need?
- Complete isolation
- Social connection
- Avoiding emotion
- Eliminating communication
44
Which regions were discussed in relation to antisocial behavior?
- Visual cortex and spinal cord
- Occipital lobe and cerebellum only
- Auditory cortex and optic nerve
- Amygdala, default mode network, and cerebellum
45
What can narcissistic traits involve?
- Exaggerated self-importance and sensitivity to criticism
- Complete memory loss
- No emotional reactions
- The same thing as mirror recognition
46
Which response was associated with narcissistic traits?
- Increased neuron regeneration
- No social comparisons
- Strong emotional reactions to comparison or rejection
- Inability to recognize faces
47
What is the function of maternal aggression discussed in class?
- Preventing offspring independence
- Protecting offspring from threats
- Ending all social interactions
- Preventing hormone release
48
Which hormones were mentioned in maternal aggression?
- Insulin and glucagon
- Melatonin and adrenaline
- Cortisol and thyroid hormone
- Oxytocin and prolactin
49
Which regions were linked to maternal aggression?
- Medial preoptic area, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, lateral septum
- Visual cortex, cerebellum, optic nerve
- Broca’s area, auditory cortex, spinal cord
- Occipital lobe, motor cortex, hippocampus
50
What best explains a protective aggressive response to a threat near an infant?
- It is independent of the brain
- It comes only from language processing
- Parental neural circuits and hormones influence the response
- It requires failure to recognize offspring
51
Why does the brain use both excitation and inhibition?
- To activate all neurons together
- To balance and regulate neural activity
- To stop environmental responses
- To eliminate neurotransmitters
52
Which is NOT a neurotransmitter listed in the notes?
- Serotonin
- Dopamine
- Glutamate
- Cortisol
53
What function is likely affected by damage to Broca’s area?
- Visual recognition
- Speech production
- Balance
- Temperature regulation
54
Why is the blood-brain barrier important?
- It freely admits toxins
- It blocks all nutrients
- It regulates what enters the brain from blood
- It blocks neural electrical signals
55
What is the hard problem of consciousness?
- Consciousness is completely explained
- Consciousness is independent of brain activity
- The spinal cord entirely controls consciousness
- Explaining subjective experience remains difficult
56
What is a likely effect of disrupting cortical midline structures?
- Reduced self-referential thinking
- Better hearing
- Loss of spinal reflexes
- Improved vision
57
What is theory of mind?
- Recognizing one’s reflection
- Understanding that others have their own beliefs and thoughts
- Memorizing huge amounts of information
- Controlling another nervous system
58
Someone claims to know a subject they barely understand. What is this?
- Conformity
- Self-recognition
- Overclaiming
- Prosopagnosia
59
Which brain region processes social disagreement in the conformity notes?
- Cerebellum
- Medulla
- Primary motor cortex
- Anterior insula
60
Why can nostalgia strengthen social relationships?
- It recalls meaningful memories and connections
- It permanently removes bad memories
- It prevents emotions
- It eliminates social needs
61
What is the nucleus accumbens associated with?
- Language comprehension
- Reward and motivation
- Visual processing
- Breathing
62
A person lies to avoid hurting a friend’s feelings. What is it?
- Self-centered deception
- Overclaiming
- Other-centered deception
- Self-recognition
63
How are self-awareness and deception related?
- Awareness makes deception impossible
- Only people without awareness deceive
- They are unrelated
- Understanding self and others can contribute to deception
64
What does the prefrontal cortex contribute to in social behavior?
- Planning, decision-making, and regulation
- Only breathing
- Producing all neurotransmitters
- Preventing all emotions
65
Which can be associated with autism?
- Regenerating neurons
- Differences in social communication and repetitive behavior
- No emotional responses
- Inability to learn
66
Why might people conform to a group?
- To speed up neural impulses
- To prevent memories
- To reduce disagreement and preserve social harmony
- To eliminate frontal activity
67
Which concept fits strong distress at criticism and frequent social comparison?
- Mirror recognition
- Nostalgia
- Classical conditioning
- Narcissistic traits
68
Why may maternal aggression rise when offspring are threatened?
- Parental neural circuits and hormones influence protective behavior
- All inhibition stops
- Brain activity is irrelevant
- Only visual cortex causes it
69
Which structure was linked to maternal aggression?
- Primary auditory cortex
- Lateral septum
- Optic nerve
- Occipital cortex
70
What is a major theme of social neurobiology?
- Only genes determine behavior
- Behavior is independent of the brain
- Brain processes, biology, and environment interact in social behavior
- One brain region controls all behavior
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