Psych 101 Exam 3

A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

linking two events together to learn new behaviors

Associating events together in time (ring of a bell with salivating for food)

Associating a behavior with a good or bad outcome

you can observe someone else’s experiences with operant conditioning and learn the behavior yourself

To cause a taste aversion, linking nausea to alcohol.

Associate calm with a conditioned stimulus that currently evokes fear

behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes are strengthened and negative are weakened

used operant conditioning chamber, shaping (rewarding approximations of the desired behavior)

innately satisfying; food, water, and sexual pleasure

become satisfying through experience

behavior reinforced every time it occurs. Learning happens quickly, extinction happens quickly

behavior reinforced only some of the time. Learning takes longer, highly resistant to extinction

Reinforcement follows a set number of behaviors.

Reinforcement follows an unpredictable number of behaviors (avg)

reinforcement follows behavior that occurs after a set amount of time has elapsed

reinforcement follows behavior that occurs after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed

behavior followed by addition of an negative stimulus (scolding)

behavior followed by removal of a desirable stimulus (taking away tv)

using operant conditioning principles to change human behavior

attention, retention, motor reproduction, reinforcement

encoding, storage, retrieval

Retrieving information not in conscious awareness but learned at an earlier time.

Identifying items previously learned

Learning something more quickly when you encounter it a second or later time

Verbal code—word or label and Image code—detailed and distinctive

Images are stored in both codes, words are stored only as verbal codes.

putting information into memory

Our sensory memory can only hold three or four items

Our sensory memory holds all the items but fades by the time we have reported three or four of them

grouping items together to remember them easier (items I need before I leave the house)

conscious repetition of information; prolongs short-term memory duration indefinitely

episodic memory (autobiographical), semantic memory (knowledge about the world)

Automatic. procedural (skills) memory, classical (associations) conditioning, priming (activation of information)

conscious recollection of specific facts and events that can be verbally communicated

highly detailed, vivid memories of an unusually important event or hearing news of such an event

either seeing or hearing a concept which causes activation of related concepts in memory

constructing a memory that can be changed when it’s stored again

flashbulb memories, traumatic events, repressed memories

Interfering material learned before target material is "I can’t take in any more new information"

Interfering material learned after target material is. “Too much has happened since I studied it”

remembering to do something in the future

Mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics

Using characteristic to describe avg member (Wings=birds)

using a prior strategy when a new one might be better

fixation on an object’s usual functions, ignoring unusual functions (Hammers only use is for nails)

Reasoning follows established rules which decision making may not have

Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes (ex. lawyers always have suits, ties, and briefcases)

Ignoring relevant information, driven by negative stereotypes

Base judgment on the ease with which they can bring something to mind (ex. buying tide because its the first thing that comes to mind)

Divergent: many solutions
Convergent: single best solution (Intelligence)

Problem solving without conscious awareness (taking a break from a problem and coming up with a solution after)

ability to switch between thinking about two different concepts or to think about multiple concepts simultaneously