1What are the two types of cells?
Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
2What are prokaryotic cells?
They are single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus
3What are eukaryotic cells?
They are complex cells that include all animal and plant cells, as well as cells in algae and fungi.
4What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler, while eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex.
5What do organelles do?
Organelles are parts of cells, each with a specific function
6What organelles do animal and plant cells share?
Nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and cell-surface membrane.
7What additional organelles do plant cells have that animal cells do not?
A cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, and plasmodesmata.
8What is a cellulose cell wall?
A rigid structure that supports and strengthens plant cells.
9What are plasmodesmata?
Microscopic channels in plant cells that allow substances to pass between adjacent cells.
10What is a vacuole in a plant cell?
A fluid-filled organelle that stores water and maintains cell turgor pressure.
11What organelles do algal cells have?
They have the same organelles as plant cells, including a cell wall and chloroplasts.
12What are the two key differences in fungal cells compared to plant cells?
Fungal cells have cell walls made of chitin and do not have chloroplasts because they do not photosynthesize.
13What is the cell-surface membrane?
The membrane surrounding animal and plant cells that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
14What additional function does the cell-surface membrane have?
It contains receptor molecules that allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones
15What is the nucleus?
A large organelle surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
16What is inside the nucleus?
Chromosomes made of protein-bound linear DNA and one or more structures called nucleoli.
17What is the function of the nucleus?
It controls the cell’s activities by regulating DNA transcription and also makes ribosomes in the nucleolus.
18What is the structure of mitochondria?
Mitochondria have a double membrane; the inner membrane is folded into cristae, and the interior contains the matrix with enzymes needed for respiration.
19What is the function of mitochondria?
They are the site of aerobic respiration, where ATP is produced for energy.
20What is the structure of chloroplasts?
They have a double membrane, with thylakoid membranes stacked into grana and linked by lamellae, suspended in a thick fluid called stroma.
21What is the function of chloroplasts?
They are the site of photosynthesis, with light-dependent reactions occurring in the grana and light-independent reactions in the stroma.
22What is the Golgi apparatus?
A group of fluid-filled, membrane-bound flattened sacs.
23What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
It processes and packages new lipids and proteins and makes lysosomes.