Wayne’s Deck

Bacteriology, Immunology, Mycology, Virology, Parasitology and Phycology

Microbiology

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Prions, Archaea, Protozoa and Algae

Structure, Shape, Size, Staining property, Motility, Arrangement, Nutritional and Environmental requirements, Culture media preparation, Bacterial growth and Pathogenicity.

Normal flora; microbes that inhabit human organisms without causing diseases. It is the opposite of a pathogen.

Lucretius with Girolamo Fracastoro, Roger Bacon and Anton van Plenciz

Francesco Stelluti

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Spontaneous Generation or Abiogenesis Period

John Needham

Lazaro Spallanzani

Biogenesis

Rudolf Virchow

Louis Pasteur

John Tyndall

Ferdinand Cohn

Ignaz Semmelweis

Germ Theory of Disease

Robert Koch

Robert Hooke

Fanny Hesse

Edward Jenner

Selman Waksman

Paul Ehrlich

Acellular Microorganisms e.g. Virus

Water - 70 percent<div>Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Enzymes - 30 percent</div>

Fermentation

Respiration (Oxidation)

Theodor Svedberg

Peptidoglycan/murein/mucopeptide layer composed of alternating backbone: <i>N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG)</i> and <i>N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM).</i>

Animal/Protozoa - No cell wall<div>Plants/Algae - composed of <i>Cellulose and Glycan</i>; for Fungi - <i>Glycan, Mannan and Chitin</i></div>

Prokaryote - 70 s; 50 s and 30 s upon sedimentation<div>Eukaryote - 80 s; 40 s and 60 s upon sedimentation</div>

1. Gives shape and rigidity<div>2. Responsible for antigenic property (serotyping)</div><div>3. Pathogenicity (M protein and Mycolic acid)</div><div>4. Responsible for staining property</div>

1. Cell Wall<div>2. Parts Internal to the Cell Wall</div><div>3. Parts External to the Cell Wall</div>

Prokaryote - plasmids; small, single, circular chromosomes of double stranded DNA arranged in circular pattern located in the nucleoid except <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>&nbsp;(linear pattern)<div>Eukaryote - DNA, linear pattern</div>

Initiation<div>Chemotaxis</div><div>Engulfment</div><div>Digestion</div>

Presence of cell wall

<div>A. E. coli - 181 O Ag</div><div>1. E.coli O157:H7 - <i>Enterohemorraghic E. coli</i> causing Hemorrhagic colitis or Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome</div><div>2. E. coli O111:B4 - <i>Enteropathogenic E. coli</i>&nbsp;causing Infantile Diarrhea</div><div>B. Salmonella - &gt; 250 O Ag</div><div>C. Shigella - A, B, C and D</div><div><br></div>

Streptococcus pyogenes

Mycolic Acid/Hydroxymethoxy Acid

Gram Staining

Hans Christian Gram

Mobiluncus spp.; found in human vagina in association with <i>Gardenella vaginalis</i> causing bacterial vaginosis.

1. &gt; 24 hours of culture used<div>2. pH of the reagent used</div><div>3. Expiration date</div><div>4. Time</div><div>a. Over decolorization - G+ turns G-</div><div>b. Under decolorization - G- turns G+</div>

1. Primary Dye - to stain<div>2. Mordant - accentuator</div><div>3. Decolorizer - differentiation</div><div>4. Secondary dye - counter stain</div>

"1. Crystal Violet<div>2. Gram's Iodine</div><div>3. Acetone +95% Ethanol</div><div>4. Safranin O/ Safranin Red</div>"

1. Purple - Purple<div>2. Purple - Purple</div><div>3. Purple - Colorless</div><div>4. Purple - Red/Pink</div>

Acid Fast Staining Procedure

G + is violet/purple<div>G - is red/pink</div>

1. All cocci are G +<div>2. All bacilli are G -</div><div>3. Mycobacterium tuberculosis are expected as gram-positive, but in actual staining, it is gram ghostram neutral.</div><div>4. Spirals/Spirochetes are not stainable using gram staining, but, some are gram negative.</div><div>5. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma lacks cell wall; stained as gram negative.</div><div>6. Yeasts are gram positive.</div>

<i>Neisseria, Veilonella, Branhamella/Moraxella </i>which are G -

<i>Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Aerobic Actinomyces, Arcanobacterium, Gordonia, Rothia, Kurthia, Bifidobacterium, Propionibacterium, Fungus-like Nocardia, Rhodoccocus, Tsukamurella</i>

"1. Ziehl-Neelsen/HOT method (ZN)<div>2. Kinyoun's/COLD method (K)</div>"

1. Carbon Fuchsin - Fuchsia dye;partnered with 3-5% phenols and carboxylic acid.<div>a. ZN/HOT - 3g CF + 5% phenol</div><div>b. K/COLD - 4g CF + 9% phenols</div><div>2. ZN - Heat and K - Tergitol</div><div>3. ZN and K - Acid Alcohol</div><div>4. ZN and K - Methylene Blue (Most Common in PH) and Malachite Green</div>

1. Red - Red<div>2. Red - Red</div><div>3. Red - Colorless</div><div>4. Red - Blue/Green</div>

"Cord factor; Trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate"

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium gordonae

Conjugation

1. Legionella micdadei<div>2. Rhodococcus</div><div>3. Nocardia</div><div>4. Cryptosporidium parvum (parasite)</div><div>5. Isospera belli (parasite)</div>

Mesosomes

Inclusion bodies

1. Much granules - <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>; increased lipid<div>2. Bipolar bodies - <i>Yersinia pestis</i>; Wayson stain: red, safety pin</div><div>3. Babes-ernst/Volutin/Metachromatic granules - <i>Cryobacterium diphtheriae</i></div>

Endospores/Bacterial Spores

Dipicolinic acid and Calcium ions or known as Calcium Dipicolinate Complex

All are round/oval/centrally-located, subterminally-located.

1. Clostridium tetani - terminally-located; also known as tennis bracket, lollipop, drumstick bacillus<div>2. Clostridium botulinum - subterminally located</div><div>3. Bacillus anthracis - centrally located</div>

Bacillus

Clostridium

H. Antigen in <i>Y. pestis, E. coli and Salmonella</i>

Flagellin

Pilin

Atrichous

Monotrichous

Amphitrichous

Lophotrichous

Tuft of flagella on both side

Somatic/Ordinary/Common

Sex/fertility

Glycocalyx

Capsule

Peritrichous

K Antigen; same as Vi Ag or Virulent Antigen for Salmonella

Slime layer

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Quellung reaction

1. Neisseria meningitidis<div>2. Haemophilus influenzar</div><div>3. Klebsiella pneumoniae</div><div>4. Streptococcus pneomoniae</div><div>All has polysachharide capsule</div><div>5. Bacillus anthracis - polypeptide D-glutamic acid capsule</div>

Cocci, Bacilli, Hellical/Twisted

Cocci in pairs/diplococci

1. Neisseria<div>2. Branhamella/Moraxella</div><div>except:</div><div><i>Neisseria elongata, Neisseria bacilliformis and Neisseria weaveri</i> (bacillus)</div>

<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>

Packets of four/tetrads/square groups of four cells.

Packets of eight/cubical/sarcina/sarcinae

Cocci in chain/streptococcus

Cluster of cocci/staphylococcus

Short plump/stout/small coccobacilli

large square cut ends chain sporulated

School of fish pattern, small, short bacilli

Large rounded end chains non-sporeforming bacilli

Streptobacilli

Chinese letter or cuneiform (V-shaped) also known as club-shaped, fence stick, barbed, cigar packed, pallisade

Curved, comma-shaped, small

Curved shaped, S-shaped, C-shaped or Sea gull wing

Spirals

Borellia

Treponema

Leptospira; e.g.&nbsp;<i>Leptospira interogans</i>&nbsp;<div>Causative agent of Leptospirosis</div>

Dyar, Dienes, Victoria blue dye

Welch, Anthony, Gin, Tyler, Muir, HIS Stain

Schaeffer-fulton, Dorner, Wirtz-conklin

Fontana Tribondeau, Levaditi Silver Impregnation, India Ink, Warthin-starry

Leifson, Gray, Fisher and Conn; in which three have <i>tannic acid</i> that <i>coats, swell, precipitate </i>flagella

"Ljubinsky, LAMB (Loeffler's Alkaline Methylene Blue), Albert, Neisser, Burke's and Lindergran"

Feulgen, Acridine Orange

Wayson

Gimenez stain and Macchiavello stain

Dieterle Silver Stain

Fire-Faraco

"Diene's Stain"

"Seller's Stain"

Indirect/Negative/Relief Stain

Nigrosin and India Ink

"Anthony's Stain"

Direct/Simple Stain

Differential stain

"<b style="""">B<>aumgarten - <i>M. tuberculosis</i> (<b style="""">B<>lue) or <i>M. leprae</i> (Red); causative agent of leprosy or Hansen's Disease<div>Pappenheim's Stain - <i>M. tuberculosis</i><b style=""font-style: italic;"">&nbsp;<>(Red) or <i>M. lacticola </i>(Blue); formerly known as M. smegmatis, an opportunistic bacteria sa mga bagong tuli</div>"

1. Cultural/Colonial<div>2. Antigenic Determination</div><div>3. Biochemical Reaction</div>

Genotypic characterization

Animal inoculation

Wet mount preparation

Hanging drop technique

Brownian motion - collisions of water molecules (seen in LPO)<div><div>True motility - independent movement over greater distances; uni-directional (seen in HPO)</div></div><div>Thus, to see motility, LPO first then HPO.</div>

Vibrio

Listeria monocytogenes

Capnocytophaga

To avoid false negative result because for some organisms, human temperature is inhibitory like in the case of <i>Y. pestis</i>.

Sulfide Indole Motility

Bacterial growth pattern away from stab line or haziness and turbidity in the medium (top of medium is cloudy)

Zygosity

Dosage

Immunogen

Antigens

in vivo - within the circulation<div>in vitro - laboratory setting</div>

Allogeneic Antigen

Autologous Antigen

B Lymphocytes or B cells

T Lymphocytes or T cells

B Lymphocytes or B Cells

Epitopes

(1) Combine with antigen and (2) mediate various biological effects.

IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD&nbsp;

IgG and IgM; IgA may also be included but rarely encountered

IgG

IgM

Fab fragment

Fc Fragment

Extravascular Hemolysis

Alloantibodies

Autoantibodies

Pope Innocent VIII; 1942

William Harvey; 1628

Richard Lower; 1656

Jean Baptiste Denis; June 1667

Antoine Mauroy; June 1667

Philip Syng Physick; 1795

John Henry Leacock; 1861

James Blundell; 1818

Emil Ponfick and Leonard Landois

Xenotransfusion

Emil Ponfick

Leondard Landois

Karl Landsteiner; 1901

Unger

Edward Lindemann

Dr. Charles Drew; WWII

Rous and Turner; 1916

Loutit and Mollison; 1943

Gibson; 1957

120 days

1. Chemical composition and structure of RBC<div>2. Hemoglobin structure and function</div><div>3. RBC metabolism</div>

52:40:8

1. Deformability<div>2. Permeability</div><div>3. Flexibility</div>

membrane skeleton and lipid bilayer

External - rich in phospholipids and glycolipids<div>Internal - rich in aminophospholipids</div>

<b>ATP decreases<> -&gt; <b>decreased <i>spectrin</i><><i> </i>which stabilize RBC cell membrane and shape and<b> increased calcium <i>deposition</i><><i> </i>resulting to increase membrane rigidness and loss of pliability -&gt; red blood cell destruction/extravascular hemolysis (through spleen) (reduced RBC viability)

Sinusoidal Orifices of the Spleen

Bite cells and Spherocytes

Permeability properties of RBC

1:12

25:1&nbsp;

Calmodulin

Entry of Calcium and Sodium level increases, Potassium and Water decreases and goes to the extracellular compartment resulting into dehydrated and less flexible RBC which are destroyed by Spleen through extravascular hemolysis.

Glucose metabolism

Lack of nucleus and mitochondria leading to non-oxidative metabolism

True

Anaerobic glycolytic pathway

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

NADPH

Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway

2,3-DPG

<b>Normal 7.4<> - For example, in the lungs, the pressure is at 100mmHg and HgB is at 100% of Oxygen. Travelling into the tissues, where pressure is at 40mmHg (vein tension) HgB will give off 25% of Oxygen, leaving HgB with 75%.<div><b>Left Shift 7.6<> - Decreased 2,3-DPG, Increased HgB to O2 affinity resulting to decreased O2 tissue delivery meaning RBC becomes less sufficient. Only 12% of RBC is released in the tissues.</div><div><b>Right Shift 7.2<> - Increased 2,3-DPG, Decreased HgB to O2 affinity resulting to increased O2 tissue delivery,</div>

"1<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">°C to 6</span><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">°C; liquid state</span>"

75% of RBC

1. Acid citrate-dextrose - 21 days<div>2. Citrate-phosphate dextrose - 21 days</div><div>3. Citrate-phosphate-double-dextrose - 21 days</div><div>4. Citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine - 35 days because of Adenine; resulting to increased ATP longer and RBC survivability.</div>

Additive Solutions

1.<b> Adsol<> - mannitol; 42 days<div>2. <b>Nutricel<> - citrate and phosphate; 42 days</div><div>3. <b>Optisol<> - mannitol; 42 days</div><div>All three contains: <b>Saline, Adenine and Glucose<> to replace anticoagulant properties that were removed during plasma extraction.</div>

1. Extends shelf-life of RBC to 42 days<div>2. Harvest more plasma and platelets from blood unit</div><div>3. Lowers RBC viscocity</div>

Glycerol; penetrates the RBC

"Increased glycerol concentration - -65<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">°C</span><div><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">Decreased glycerol concentration - -120</span><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">°C</span></div>"

10 years after freezing

1. for Autologous units; blood donation for own use.<div>2. for rare blood types; to prevent difficulty in finding a donor.</div>

RBC Rejuvenation

At expiration or 3 days after outdate

"Incubate RBC with <b>50mL Rejuvasol<> for <b>1 hour at 37<><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);""><b>°C<>, once finished, wash sample to remove rejuvenation solution. <b>Blood is ready for transfusion within 24 hours.<></span>"

Phosphate<div>Inosine</div><div>Pyruvate</div><div>Adenine</div>

Platelets

"150,000 to 350,000 per&nbsp;<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">μL (microliter)</span>"

"20<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">°C to 24</span><span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">°C for 5 days with continuous agitation</span>"

9 to 12 days

"2 to 4&nbsp;<span style=""color: rgb(32, 33, 36);"">μm</span>"

"<ul><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Pulmonary embolism</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Pulmonary pneumonia</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Lymphocytosis</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Acute pancreatitis</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Carcinoma</li> </div><l>"

AMI, Intravascular hemolysis, Hemolyzed specimen

"<ul><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""4"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Oxidoreductase</li> </div><ul><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Catalyzes the REDOX reaction Between two substances;</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>examples:: Lactate Dehydrogenase, Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase </li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li><i>There is a removal of electrons on the substrate and being transferred to anothe</i>r</li> </div><l><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""4"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Transferase</li> </div><ul><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Catalyzes the transfer of a group other than hydrogen Ion;</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>examples:: ALT, AST, GGT, CK</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li><i>Removal of groups on the substrate then transferred to another</i></li> </div><l><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""4"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Hydrolase</li> </div><ul><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Catalyze hydrolysis of bonds</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li><i> Splitting of substrate involving water</i></li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""4"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>types</li> </div><ul><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Esterases:: ALP, ACP, Cholenesterase, Lipase</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Peptidase:: Trypsin, Pepsin, Leucine Amino Peptidase</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Glycosidase:: Amylase, Galactosidase</li> </div><l><l><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""4"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Lyases</li> </div><ul><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Catalyzes removal of groups of substrate without hydrolysis</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>examples:: Aldolase, Pyruvate decarboxylase, Glutamate Decarboxylase, Tryptophan Decarboxylase</li> </div><l><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""4"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Isomerase</li> </div><ul><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Catalyzes the interconversion of Geometric, Optic, or Positional Isomers;</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>examples:: Triosphosphate isomerase, Ribose phosphate isomerase, Glucose phosphate isomerase</li> </div><l><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""4"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Ligase</li> </div><ul><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Catalyzes the Joining of two substrate molecules</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>examples:: Glutathione synthase</li> </div><l><l>"

"<ul><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Derived from pancreatic tissue</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Pancreatic isoenzyme, migrates more slowly</li> </div><l>"

Peptic ulcer, Intestinal obstruction, cholecystitis, acute Appendicitis

15-130 U/L (37 degrees Celsius)

Liver, myocardium, and pancreas

2.5-11.7 U/L (Total ACP) 0- 3.5 ng/mL (Prostatic ACP)

CK-3 (CK-MM) Muscle Type

2-12 Hours

CK-1 (CK-BB) Brain Type

CK-1 (CK-BB) Brain Type

malignancy

"pH= <b style=""color: lightblue;"">{{6.8}}<>"

During acute pancreatitis

100-125 U/L (37 degrees Celsius)

Aspartate Aminotransferase

most commonly used method

Aspartate Aminotransferase

Tanzer-Gilbarg

Alpha naphtyl PO4

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

Enzymes as Reagents

"<ul><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Hydration of carbon dioxide</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Nerve induction</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Muscle contraction</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Nutrients degradation</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Growth and reproduction</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Energy storage and use</li> </div><l>"

Starch molecule with iodine

Intestinal ALP

"pH= <b style=""color: lightblue;"">{{7.3}}<> to <b style=""color: lightblue;"">{{7.8 }}<>"

Transferase

3-5 days

CK relative Index (CKI)

Lyases

3M Urea (Synthetic Urea)

Gutman and Gutman

0.5-1.3 pH units (plasma)

"<ol><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""4"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>P-type or {{(Amylopsin)}}</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""4"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>S- type or {{(Thyalin)}}</li> </div></ol>"

Continuous Time

"<ul><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Cardiac Disease</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Hepatic Disease</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Skeletal Disease</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Renal Disease</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>5X increase in {{<b>megaloblastic anemia<>}}</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Highest levels are seen in {{<b>pernicious anemia<>}} and {{<b>hemolytic disorders<>}}</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Marked elevations are also seen in acute lymphoblastic leukemia</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Also a marker for AMI</li> </div><l>"

"<ul><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Cancers of pleural surfaces</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Adenocarcinoma of pancreas</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Adenocarcinoma of bile duct</li> </div><l>"

Wrobleuski-ladue

Amylase

Reference values

Coupled Enzymatic Reaction

"Phase I reactions are often mediated by<b style=""color: lightblue;"">{{ cytochrome P450 (CYP 450)}}<>."

Heat stability

Allosteric site

Nucleotide (NAD, NADP, vitamins)

"<ul><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Heart</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>RBC</li> </div><l>"

Hepatic injury

red cell hemolysate and serum (serum is used for evaluation of enzyme elevations)

24 hours

CNS shock, Seizure, Lung and Gastrointestinal Diseases

"6 th band in electrophoresis indicates <b style=""color: lightblue;"">{{LD-6 }}<>or “{{Alcohol dehydrogenase}}”"

Dixon & purdon, Campbell, Belfield & Goldberg

Hydrolase

Oxidoreductase

Lungs, testes, macrophage and epitheloid cells

Angiotensin

"GGT levels are increased in <b style=""color: lightblue;"">{{liver disorders}}<>"

Peroxidase coupling

Clinical enzymology

heart, hepatic, skeletal muscle and RBC

6-45 U/L (37C)

"<ul><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Heart</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>RBC</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Kidneys</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li><i> NOT IN SKELETAL MUSCLE </i></li> </div><l>"

24 hours

"<ul><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Uses gamma-glutamy l-p-nitroanilide as substrate</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Measures absorbance @ 405-420 nm</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>GGT activity is stable with no loss of activity for 1 week at 4 degrees Celsius</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Not affected by hemolysis</li> </div><l>"

Gamma Glutamyl transferase (GGT)

"<ul><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>AMI (Acute myocardial infarction)</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Ischemia</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Cardiac surgery</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Malignant Hyperthermia</li> </div><l>"

Kidney, RBC and Pancreas

Inorganic PO4

Adipose tissue, fallopian tubes, small intestine and skeletal muscles

Liver ALP

Co-enzyme/Prosthetic group

10-15 U hemoglobin or 1200-2000 mU/mL packed RBC

Starch molecules with chromogenic dye

Clinically significant Enzymes

hepatobiliary disorders (biliary tract obstruction), hepatic parenchyma, alcoholism, acute pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus

"<ul><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Results when AMS molecules combine with immunoglobulins to form a complex with immunoglobulis to forms a complex that is too large to be filtered across the glomerulus</li> </div><div rem=""true"" crt=""null"" tags=""[]"" valueType=""undefined"" isListItem=""true"" > <li>Serum AMS levels increases because of the reduction in renal clearance</li> </div><l>"