Electrolytes and Fluid Balance

Electrolytes are defined as ions that can carry an

State where fluids contain an equal number of positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions)

Hormones that control the volume of Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Chemicals occurring within cells keep this fluid compartment stable

Two primary physiological components crucial for maintaining the balance of electrolytes in the blood plasma

Average percentage of water composing the body of a human adult

Average percentage of water composing the body of an infant

Fraction of total body water located inside the cells as Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Approximate volume in liters of Intracellular fluid (ICF) in the body

Fraction of total body water located outside the cells as Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Approximate volume in liters of Extracellular fluid (ECF) in the body

Daily volume of fluid in liters that moves from the blood into the tissue spaces

Normal plasma is composed of 93% water and 7% of these substances

Percentage by which the water content of plasma is higher than that of whole blood

Retention of 3 liters of fluid in the tissues can result in this condition

Deficiency in arginine vasopressin (AVP) can cause the body to excrete this additional amount of water daily

Factors that can decrease the overall water content of the body

Identity of the major extracellular cation

Primary functions of Sodium

Identity of the major intracellular cation

Primary functions of Potassium

Identity of the major extracellular anion

Primary functions of Chloride

Identity of the major intracellular anion

Primary functions of Phosphate

Identify the major extracellular cations

Identify the major intracellular cations

Identify the major extracellular anions

Identify the major intracellular anions

Electrolytes involved in myocardial rhythm and contractility

Electrolytes involved in volume and osmotic regulation

Electrolytes acting as cofactors in enzyme activation

Electrolytes and buffer systems involved in acid-base balance

Electrolytes directly involved in blood coagulation

Clotting factor number associated with Calcium (Ca2+)

Electrolytes involved in ATP production and utilization

Electrolyte required for the regulation of ATPase and other membrane pumps

Primary functions of Magnesium

Percentage of total body calcium that is Ionized (free)

Percentage of body calcium that is protein-bound

Percentage of body calcium that exists in complexed form

The metabolically active form of calcium in the body

Major site for active Sodium reabsorption (65%)

Primary site for passive Sodium reabsorption (25%) via the Loop of Henle

Percentage of active Sodium reabsorption occurring in the DCT

Percentage of Sodium reabsorption occurring in the CT

Transport mechanism where one substance enters (reabsorbs) while another exits (excreted), such as Na+ and K+/H+

Transport mechanism where only one substance enters without another exiting, such as H2O and amino acids

Transport mechanism in the PCT involving Na+, glucose, and amino acids

Flame Emission Photometry (FEP) color for Potassium

Flame Emission Photometry (FEP) color for Sodium

Flame Emission Photometry (FEP) color for Copper II

Flame Emission Photometry (FEP) color for Lithium

Flame Emission Photometry (FEP) color for Strontium

Flame Emission Photometry (FEP) color for Calcium

Flame Emission Photometry (FEP) color for Barium

Flame Emission Photometry (FEP) color for Iron

Primary defense mechanism against hypernatremia and hyperosmolality activated in water deficit

Hormone activated in water deficit to prevent renal loss of water

Clinical significance of a 1-2% water deficit

Condition associated with Na+ levels of 150-160 mEq/L

Condition associated with Na+ levels >165 mEq/L

Two primary regulators of Osmolality

Factors that suppress AVP

Reference range for serum osmolality

Reference range for 24-hr urine osmolality

Reference urine:serum ratio for osmolality

Reference range for random urine osmolality

Reference range for the osmolal gap

Four main contributors in Osmolality determination

Osmolality increment per mole of Glucose

Osmolality of 1 mol/L NaCl solution

Osmolality of 1 mol/L Urea

Magnitude of increase in AVP production when osmolality increases

Change in osmolality required to shut off AVP production

Plasma concentration of sodium primarily depends on these two factors

Term describing the number of moles of particle per kilogram of water, depending only on the number of particles

Measurement of urine density influenced by both the number and the size of particles present

Indicator value for an abnormal concentration of unmeasured substances (like ethanol) if the osmolal gap is greater than this

Relationship between water intake and sodium concentration

Result of decreased ADH on water excretion

Difference between osmolality and osmolarity units

Primary unmeasured substance typically indicated by an elevated osmolal gap

Electrolytes Definition (Electroneutrality) - Net electric charge required for a cell to function or for plasma to be considered normal

Fluid Compartments (ECF) - Location of extracellular fluid relative to the cells

Fluid Compartments (Blood Plasma) - Specific location of blood plasma relative to blood vessels and cells

Fluid Compartments (Interstitial Fluid) - Location of interstitial fluid relative to blood vessels and cells

Fluid Compartments (Serous Fluids) - General location of serous fluids relative to blood vessels and body cavities

Serous Fluids (Pleural) - Specific body cavity or organ associated with pleural fluid

Serous Fluids (Pericardial) - Specific body cavity or organ associated with pericardial fluid

Serous Fluids (Peritoneal) - Specific body cavity or organ associated with peritoneal fluid

Fluid Classification (Synovial Fluid) - Characterization of synovial fluid relative to plasma filtration

Fluid Classification (Urine) - Characterization of urine relative to plasma filtration

Fluid Compartments (ICF) - Location of intracellular fluid relative to the cell

Fluid Classification (Cytosol) - Location of cytosol relative to the cell and blood vessels

Hormonal Regulation (ADH and Water) - Relationship type between Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and water directly

Hormonal Regulation (ADH and Electrolytes/Osmolality) - Relationship type between Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and sodium, chloride, or osmolality

Hormonal Regulation (ADH and H_2O) - Relationship type between Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and H_2O explicitly

Fluid Pathology (Effusion) - Definition of an excess accumulation of fluid in body cavities

Fluid Pathology (Edema) - Definition of swelling that occurs from the retention of fluid

Fluid Pathology (Edema Causes) - Two primary vascular pressure alterations that cause edema

Vascular Pressures (Hydrostatic Pressure) - Definition of the force from blood vessels that pushes water outside into the tissues

Vascular Pressures (Water Effluxing) - Resulting fluid movement direction caused by increased hydrostatic pressure from the blood

Vascular Pressures (Oncotic Pressure) - Definition of the force that pulls water inside the blood vessels, acting opposite to hydrostatic pressure

Vascular Pressures (Albumin) - Plasma protein characterized as a colloid and the main regulator of pulling force inside blood vessels

Vascular Pressures (Albumin Absence) - Consequence on the vascular pulling force if albumin is completely absent

Electrolyte Relationships (Sodium) - Structural elements or molecules that strictly follow sodium wherever it goes

Physiological Functions (Nerve Impulse Electrolytes) - Sequence of four electrolytes represented by the acronym SPMC involved in nerve impulses

Physiological Functions (Cardiac Function Electrolytes) - Sequence of four electrolytes represented by the phrase "POSO MO CAnya" involved in cardiac functions

Acid-Base Balance (Chloride Shift Relationship) - Proportional relationship type shared between Chloride and Bicarbonate (\frac{parrow Cl}{\downarrow HCO_3} or \frac{\downarrow Cl}{parrow HCO_3})

Acid-Base Balance (High Chloride/Low Bicarbonate) - Acid-base state that results when chloride increases and bicarbonate decreases

Acid-Base Balance (Low Chloride/High Bicarbonate) - Acid-base state that results when chloride decreases and bicarbonate increases

Electrolyte Shifts (Hamburger Phenomenon) - Alternative name used to describe the Chloride Shift where chloride shifts with bicarbonate to maintain electroneutrality

Electrolyte Shifts (Chloride Direction) - Directional movement of Chloride during the Hamburger shift when Bicarbonate exits the cell

Electrolyte Shifts (Bicarbonate Direction) - Directional movement of Bicarbonate during the Hamburger shift when Chloride enters the cell

Phosphate Buffer (HPO4-2) - Chemical name and acid-base designation for the HPO_4^{-2} topoy ion

Phosphate Buffer (H2PO4) - Chemical name and acid-base designation for the H_2PO_4 phosphoric acid derivative

Phosphate Function (Buffering Agent) - Primary physiological role of phosphate ions (HPO_4^{-2} and H_2PO_4) in the body

Board Exam Trivia (2nd Major Intracellular Cation) - Specific electrolyte identified as the 2nd major intracellular cation

Board Exam Trivia (Major Intracellular Anion) - Specific electrolyte identified as the major intracellular anion

Physiological Functions (Magnesium Enzyme Cofactor) - Exact number of enzymes that utilize Magnesium as a cofactor

Physiological Functions (Magnesium Clinical Use) - Common over-the-counter or prescription preparation where magnesium is used

Physiological Functions (Calcium Coagulation) - Primary non-regulatory physiological role of Calcium mentioned under cofactors

Physiological Functions (Zinc Enzyme Cofactor) - Exact number of enzymes that utilize Zinc as a cofactor

Physiological Functions (Zinc Locations/Roles) - Two health or physiological attributes listed for Zinc besides being an enzyme cofactor

Acid-Base Balance (Bicarbonate Designation) - Classification of Bicarbonate in acid-base balance roles

Acid-Base Balance (Chloride and Potassium Designation) - Classification of both Chloride and Potassium in acid-base balance roles

Blood Coagulation (Calcium Complexes) - Two multi-component complexes in the coagulation cascade where Calcium (Ca^{2+}) acts as a structural factor alongside phospholipids

Metabolic Reactions (ATP Raw Material) - Electrolyte that serves as the raw material for ATP production

Metabolic Reactions (ATP Reaction Stabilizer) - Electrolyte that serves as the stabilizer of the reaction during ATP production and coagulation

Cardiac Electrophysiology (Repolarization) - Ion movement sequence described as "SOD OUT, POTA IN" which prepares the heart for depolarization

Cardiac Electrophysiology (Depolarization) - Ion movement sequence described as "SOD IN, POTA OUT" responsible for the proper rhythm of the heart

Hormonal Regulation (PTH Cation) - Cation regulated directly by Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Therapeutic Functions (Magnesium in Eclampsia) - Clinical utility of Magnesium when given for eclampsia conditions

Therapeutic Functions (Magnesium Laxative) - Mechanism abbreviation "S for Sulfur" associated with magnesium actions

Methodology Summary (Sodium Machine) - Specific machine/instrument named for routine Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) testing of sodium

Methodology Summary (Easylyte Scope) - Enumeration of the four electrolytes routinely utilized/measured by the Easylyte machine

Methodology Summary (Potassium Membrane) - Specific gel type utilized for Potassium testing that exhibits ionophore characteristics

Methodology Summary (Potassium Membrane Property) - Defining operational characteristic of the Valinomycin gel used for Potassium

Methodology Summary (Chloride Urine Titration) - Specific Mercurimetric Titration method or eponym used for analyzing urine samples

Methodology Summary (Chloride Serum Titration) - Specific Mercurimetric Titration method or eponym used for analyzing serum samples

Electrolyte for nerve impulses - Sequence of four elements involved in conducting electrical signals through nerves

Electrolyte for ECF and cell volume - Element responsible for maintaining the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF) as well as overall cell size and shape

Electrolyte for cardiac muscle contraction - Major extracellular anion vital for managing heart muscle contractions and balancing physiological pH levels

Major extracellular anion - Primary negatively charged ion in extracellular fluid that functions to maintain osmotic pressure balance

Blood buffering system component - Major constituent of the blood buffer system responsible for preserving charge neutrality inside the cell

Aids in nerve and muscle contraction - Cation that assists in neuromuscular signaling and is essential for developing healthy bones and teeth

Fourth most abundant cation - Element classified as the body's fourth most abundant total cation and its second most abundant intracellular cation

Maintains electric neutrality via interaction - Anion that acts in the plasma to balance charge via direct interactions with sodium or carbon dioxide

Decreased levels lead to tetany - Specific mineral whose deficiency or decreased concentrations directly trigger neuromuscular excitability or tetany

Aids in cell growth and repair - Nutritional mineral compound essential for cellular growth, energy processing, bone structure, and dental health

Growth, healing and immune function - Specific trace element necessary for optimal physical development, wound healing, and immune response activation

Pyruvate, arginine and superoxide metabolism - Essential trace element involved in processing pyruvate, arginine, and driving superoxide metabolic pathways

Energy transfer and connective tissue formation - Trace element that serves as a core cofactor for structural connective tissue generation and cellular energy transport

Prevents peroxidation of reduced compounds - Essential micronutrient or trace element that blocks the oxidation of reduced vital compounds like glutathione

Energy transfer by hemoglobin and cytochromes - Functional core metal element utilized by blood hemoglobin and metabolic cytochromes to move energy and oxygen

Part of insulin receptor - Trace element that integrates directly into the insulin receptor complex to support glucose management

Builds and fixes DNA and protects cells - Crucial structural mineral element that builds and fixes DNA structures while keeping cellular systems safe from damage