3.4 Genetic information, variation and relationships between organismssdfghjkl

A section of DNA that codes the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain

Different forms of a gene

position of the gene

Degenerate - multiple triplets code for same amino acid
Non-overlapping - Bases are read once
Universal - triplet codes for same amino acids in all species

Exons : coding parts of genes
Introns: non coding parts of genes

complete set of an organism's genetic material

all of the proteins an organism produces

P:
Circular DNA
Short
Not bound to histones
E:
Linear DNA with two ends
Long
Wrapped in histones

carries DNA code from nucleus to cytoplasm, acts as a messenger

1) Hydrogen bonds between DNA bases break
2) One strand acts as a template in which free nucleotides align with their complementary bases
3) RNA polymerase joins free nucleotides by phosphodiester bonds through condensation reaction
4)Splicing occurs removing introns. Forming mRNA

name for triplet for RNA

single strand folded into a clover shape
One end extends beyond which is where amino acid attaches.
Opposite side is anticodon.
Base pairs held by hydrogen bonds

1)mRNA binds to ribosome
2)On start codon tRNA binds via complementary anticodon while carrying an amino acid
3)Another tRNA binds to next codon while carrying another amino acid
4) Peptide bond forms between amino acids using ATP
5)1st tRNA leaves and another tRNA comes
6) Repeat until ribosome reaches stop codon in which everything detaches

RNA that doesnt get translated eg tRNA/ rRNA

A change in the base sequence of DNA

Point- affects one area
Frame - affects all codons after mutation

Non sense = base changes to form stop codon
Mis - sense = base changes to form new amino acid
Silent = base changes but nothing changes

Deletes a base

Chemicals
Radiation

pair of chromosomes that hold the same genes

results in four genetically unique daughter cells each being HAPLOID cells.
Two divisions

Prophase 1 - crossing over
Meta/Anaphase 1 - independent segregation

Individual chromatids cross over each other at a point(chiasma) where they have contact and swap genetic information/material

chromosomes line up in the middle at random during metaphase

The number of different alleles of genes in a population

1)Random mutations occurs which creates a new allele
2)Those with these alleles are better adapted
3)They live longer and able to breed
4)They pass alleles to their offspring
over generations its allele frequency increases alot

Genus then species

ranking system in which smaller groups are part of larger groups and no overlapping between groups

A group and combined are taxons

DNA sequence
mRNA sequence
Amino acid sequence
Immunological

Classification of organisms based on physical similarities

Classification of organisms by evolutionary relationships

Ensure successful reproduction:
Enables them to recognise own species
Synchronise mating behaviour
Ensure survival of offspring:
By forming a pair bond and having a healthy/strong mates

series of actions used to identify members of same species and impress to reproduce with

The more similiar a courtship sequence is between species, the more closely related they are

the number of different species in an area

takes into account the number of different species and the abundance of each species in a community

N(N − 1)/ Σ n(n− 1)
N = total number of organism of all species
n = total number of organism of a specie

measure of width of spread of data around mean

Overlapping = Likely not a significant difference
Not overlapping = Likely there is a significant difference

An extreme has advantage and so model trait changes.
Happens when environment changes

Modal trait has advantage and stays same. Extremes are removed
Happens when environment stays same