3.5.2 RESPIRATION
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1
4 stages of respiration?
1. Glycolysis
2. Link reaction
3. Krebs cycle
4. Oxidative phosphorylation
2. Link reaction
3. Krebs cycle
4. Oxidative phosphorylation
2
what are co-enzymes?
molecules that aid enzymes by transferring chemical groups(eg hydrogen) from one molecule to another
3
Stages of glycolysis?
1)Glucose is phosphorylated by 2 ATP
2)Phosphorylated glucose splits into two triose phosphates
3)The two triose phosphates are each oxidised by a NAD and produces 4 ATP. Forming 2 pyruvates
2)Phosphorylated glucose splits into two triose phosphates
3)The two triose phosphates are each oxidised by a NAD and produces 4 ATP. Forming 2 pyruvates
4
Products of glycolysis:
- 2 Pyruvate
- 2 NADH
- Net 2 ATP
- 2 NADH
- Net 2 ATP
5
Stages of link reaction:
-Pyruvate and NADH are actively transported from cytoplasm to mitochondrial matrix
1)Pyruvate is oxidised by a NAD and releases a CO2. Making Acetate
2)Acetate combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coA
This happens twice.
1)Pyruvate is oxidised by a NAD and releases a CO2. Making Acetate
2)Acetate combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coA
This happens twice.
6
Products of link reaction:
- 2 acetyl coA
- 2 CO2
- 2 NADH
- 2 CO2
- 2 NADH
7
Stages of krebs cycle:
1)Acetyl coA reacts with oxaloacetate(4C) to form Citrate(6C) and releases enzyme coA.
2)Citrate is decarboxylated twice, oxidised four times thrice by NAD and once by FAD and produces an ATP by substrate level phosphorylation . Producing oxaloacetate again
THIS IS DONE TWICE
remember order of oxidised/decarboxylated by DE NA DE NA A FA NA
2)Citrate is decarboxylated twice, oxidised four times thrice by NAD and once by FAD and produces an ATP by substrate level phosphorylation . Producing oxaloacetate again
THIS IS DONE TWICE
remember order of oxidised/decarboxylated by DE NA DE NA A FA NA
8
Products of Krebs Cycle
- 6 NADH
- 4 CO2
- 2 FADH
- 2 ATP
- 4 CO2
- 2 FADH
- 2 ATP
9
Jobs krebs cycle?
To produce NADH AND FADH
10
Stages of Oxidative phosphorylation:
1) NADH and FADH donate the electrons of the hydrogen atoms to first protein in the electron transport chain
2)The electrons pass along the the electron transport chain carriers by redox reactions
3)This releases enough energy to actively transport the H+ into the intermembrane space
4)This forms a gradient in which the H+ ions now FD down thru ATP synthase which catalyses the production of ATP from ADP + Pi . This is called CHEMIOSMOSIS
2)The electrons pass along the the electron transport chain carriers by redox reactions
3)This releases enough energy to actively transport the H+ into the intermembrane space
4)This forms a gradient in which the H+ ions now FD down thru ATP synthase which catalyses the production of ATP from ADP + Pi . This is called CHEMIOSMOSIS
11
What does oxygen do at the end of Oxidative phosphorylation?
It combines with the electrons and H+ ions to form H20.
It is the final electron acceptor
It is the final electron acceptor
12
Anaerobic respiration in animals and plants?
Glycolysis happens then pyruvate oxidises NADH forming lactate. So NAD can be used for glycolysis AGAIN
Same is plants except forms ethanol + CO2
Same is plants except forms ethanol + CO2