Exam 3 Study Guide

Took an aray photo of DNA and saw it was a double helix.

Made a 3d model of DNA

Discovered and defined natural selection

Your genetic code or book of you

Super coiled and highly packed DNA

Is located in the nucleus and is gentic material

Structure of DNA. There is one strand, and a complementary strand.

Are physical traits, passed down from parents.

Are errors in the DNA or a random mis-copy of DNA

Is the variety of organisms in a given area

show the flow of energy in an ecosystem

Show the interconnectiond food chain within an ecosystem

Shows the amount of energy in each trophic levels

Feeding position

The study of the interactions among organisms and their enviroment or interactions between biotic and abiotic interactions

Makes it's own food

Has to eat others to get it's food

A consumer that eats animals

A consumer that eats plants

A consumer that eats animals and plants

A consumer that eats remains of animals

A consumer that feeds on dead material, and turns it to nutrients for the soil.

Eats the producer and gets 10%

Eats the primary consumer and gets 10% from the consumer

Eats the secondary consumer and gets 10% from the consumer

Biological process where humans select certain animal traits. Breeders selecting specific traits to breed animals and have offspring with preferred traits.

Process which organisms change and adapt over time. The process by which random evolutionary changes are selected for by consistent orderly, non-random based way.

See picture

A-T C-G
CCGTATCGTAC
GGCATAGCATG

46 chromosomes coming from 23 from each parent. 23 from Dad, 23 from Mom = Total of 46 in humans.

From the gentic code

There is variety within a species because when a species reproduces they get different traits, they also get variety from genetic mutations.

DNA codes for proteins. Proteins code for traits. DNA ----> Proteins ---> Traits

It is a change in genetic code. They can be benefitial, neutral, and harmful.

Chemicals, radiation, DNA replication issues, and random mutations can also occur

1) Substitution: is a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide.
2) Deletion: is a type of mutation that involves the loss of one or more nucleotides from a segment of DNA
3) Insertion: is a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA

1) Duplication: A section of the chromosome is copied, leading to extra genetic material.
2) Inversion: A piece of the chromosome breaks off, flips, and reattaches in reverse order.
3) Insertion: A section of a chromosome is added into another chromosome, which can cause problems with how genes work.
4) Deletion: A part of the chromosome is missing, causing the loss of important genetic information. (this will change traits)
5) Translocation: A piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome.

Super Sleeper: A mutation that allows some people to function well with much less sleep than average, often needing only 4-6 hours of sleep per night.
Super Taster: A mutation that gives some people extra taste buds, making them more sensitive to bitter and sweet flavors.
Super Coffee Consumer: A mutation that allows some people to metabolize caffeine faster, letting them drink more coffee without feeling jittery or experiencing side effects.
Additional examples not on test:
Malaria Protector: A mutation like the sickle cell trait that helps protect against malaria by altering red blood cells, making it harder for the malaria parasite to survive.
Tetrachromacy: A mutation that allows some people (especially women) to have four types of color receptors in their eyes, enabling them to see millions more colors than the average person.
Super Lungs: A mutation found in some high-altitude populations (e.g., Tibetans), which allows their lungs to use oxygen more efficiently in low-oxygen environments.
Mutated Almond Trees: A mutation in wild almond trees that removes toxins (like cyanide) from the almonds, making them safe to eat. This mutation led to the cultivation of edible almonds.
Lactose Tolerance: A mutation that allows some adults to digest lactose, making it possible to drink milk and consume dairy products without discomfort.

Harmful mutations do to a gene is that the mutation makes errors in the gene causing a body malfunction or gene malfunction.

1) ecosystem
2) species
3) genetics

1) ecosystem: dry and warm
2) species: Cactus and Coyotes
3) genetics: A Cactus saves water in their leaves / trunk

1. Climate Change: Rapid changes in climate can alter habitats and put stress on species that aren't able to adapt quickly enough.
2. Disease: Outbreaks of disease can wipe out large populations, especially if there is low genetic diversity within a species.
3. Habitat Destruction: When natural habitats are destroyed by human activities like deforestation, urbanization, or agriculture, populations become isolated or reduced in size.

Keystone species in a Kelp Forest are Sea Otters. Without sea otters, sea urchin populations can explode, causing them to overgraze and devastate the kelp forests. This loss of kelp would lead to the collapse of the entire ecosystem, as many species rely on the kelp for food and shelter. By keeping sea urchin numbers in check, sea otters help preserve the biodiversity and health of kelp forests, making them a keystone species.

A food chain shows a simple, straight line of who eats whom, starting from plants and moving up to top predators. A food web is more complex and shows how different food chains are connected, with many animals eating more than one kind of food. The food web gives a better picture of how energy moves through an entire ecosystem.

Each trophic level of an energy pyramid only take 10%. Which means they lost 10%.

The role of the sun is the energy source. In both the Energy Pyramid and the Food Chain, the sun is the primary source of energy. Plants use sunlight to make food through photosynthesis, and this energy is passed to other organisms when they eat the plants.

The predators hunt the prey.

Members of some populations work together for their survival.

Both organisms benefit.

One organism is not effected whil the other benefits.

One organsim is harmed while the other benefits.

The arrows shows the energy getting transferred from one another.

Means long term relationships.