1Respiration equation
C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP
2Glycolysis
Happens in cytoplasm, anaerobic
3Glycolysis function
Produces 2 ATP, breaks glucose down into pyruvate
4Link Reaction
Happens in Mitochondrial Matrix
5Link Reaction function
Pryuvate -> Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH, produces NADH
6Krebs Cycle (Critic Acid Cycle)
Happens in Mitochondrial Matrix
7Krebs Cycle function
Acetyl-CoA → CO2 + ATP + NADH + FADH2, Acetyl-CoA is used to create energy carriers
8Electron Transport Chain
Happens in inner mitochondrial membrane
9ETC function
Energy carriers are moved through protein pumps and lose electrons which creates a proton gradient, which is used to power enzymes, which create ATP
10ATP made per glucose molecule.
Overall, 36-38 ATP
11Photosynthesis equation
CO2 + H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + O2
12Light-dependent reaction
Happens in thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts
13LDR function
Water is broken using sunlight and chlorophyll, releasing O2, and giving energy which is used to form ATP.
14Calvin Cycle (Light-independant reaction)
Happens in stroma of chloroplasts
15Calvin Cycle function
Uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions, CO2 is reacted into glucose C6H12O6 through a series of enzyme-catalysed steps
16Meiosis
One diploid cell becomes 4 haploid cells (2n-4*n)
18Prophase I
Chromosomes condense and become visible, homologous chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs at chiasmata, segments of DNA are exchanged between homologous chromosomes, nuclear membrane breaks down. Crossing over takes place.
19Metaphase I
Homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate, orientation of each pair is random
20Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles (sister chromatids remain together).
21Telophase I and Cytokinesis
Two haploid cells form (chromosomes still duplicated).
22Prophase II
Chromosomes condense again in each haploid cell.
23Metaphase II
Chromosomes line up individually at the metaphase plate.
24Anaphase II
Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles.
25Telophase II and Cytokinesis
Four haploid daughter cells form, each genetically unique.
26Crossing over in Prophase I
Mixes alleles between homologous chromosomes.
27Independent assortment in Metaphase I
Random combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes in gametes.
28Additional diversity.
Mutations during DNA replication
29Mitosis
One diploid cell becomes 2 identical diploid cells (2n-2*2n)
31Prophase
Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks, spindles form from centrosomes.
32Metaphase
Chromosomes line up single-file at the metaphase plate.
33Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles.
34Telophase and Cytokinesis
Nuclear membranes reform, cytoplasm divides producing two identical daughter cells.