Biology

C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP

Happens in cytoplasm, anaerobic

Produces 2 ATP, breaks glucose down into pyruvate

Happens in Mitochondrial Matrix

Pryuvate -> Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH, produces NADH

Happens in Mitochondrial Matrix

Acetyl-CoA → CO2 + ATP + NADH + FADH2, Acetyl-CoA is used to create energy carriers

Happens in inner mitochondrial membrane

Energy carriers are moved through protein pumps and lose electrons which creates a proton gradient, which is used to power enzymes, which create ATP

Overall, 36-38 ATP

CO2 + H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + O2

Happens in thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts

Water is broken using sunlight and chlorophyll, releasing O2, and giving energy which is used to form ATP.

Happens in stroma of chloroplasts

Uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions, CO2 is reacted into glucose C6H12O6 through a series of enzyme-catalysed steps

One diploid cell becomes 4 haploid cells (2n-4*n)

Meiosis stages

Chromosomes condense and become visible, homologous chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs at chiasmata, segments of DNA are exchanged between homologous chromosomes, nuclear membrane breaks down. Crossing over takes place.

Homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate, orientation of each pair is random

Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles (sister chromatids remain together).

Two haploid cells form (chromosomes still duplicated).

Chromosomes condense again in each haploid cell.

Chromosomes line up individually at the metaphase plate.

Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles.

Four haploid daughter cells form, each genetically unique.

Mixes alleles between homologous chromosomes.

Random combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes in gametes.

Mutations during DNA replication

One diploid cell becomes 2 identical diploid cells (2n-2*2n)

Mitosis stages

Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks, spindles form from centrosomes.

Chromosomes line up single-file at the metaphase plate.

Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles.

Nuclear membranes reform, cytoplasm divides producing two identical daughter cells.