Inflammation

- erythema: redness
- swelling
- heat (warm to the touch)
- pain: loss of function

- infection
- immune reaction
- trauma
- physical/chemical agents (radiation, burn)

- leukocytes
- platelets: passively involved
- release inflammatory mediators: cytokines

- WBCs; chief mediator of inflammation and circulating blood
- neutrophils
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- basophils

- blood cells comprise of 45% of blood = formed elements
- plasma comprises of 55% of blood (acellular: no cells)

- neutrophil
- eosinophil
- basophil

- main type of WBC that is first to arrive
- phagocytosis
- segmented nuclei
- present during bacterial infection

- red cell
- phagocytosis
- present during parasitic infections and allergies

- inflammatory response
- blue ganules that have histamine

- lymphocyte
- monocyte

- adaptive cellular and humoral immune response
- present for viruses

- phagocytosis
- innate immune response

- ** vasodilation by nitric oxide (NO) which allows WBCs to travel faster
- leukocytosis and bandemia

- phagocyte that travels from blood to tissue
- endothelian activation: receptors that WBCs sense
- leukocyte adhesion
- leukocyte margination
- leukocyte transmission
- chemotaxis: cells move around

- **opsonization (coating) of microbes
- ** complement and antibody medicated

- cytokines: "cyto: cells and kines: move"
- NO
- tumor necrosis factor (TNF): cytokine inflammatory mediation
- interleukins (a type of cytokine)
- interferons (proteins)
- kinins (proteins)
- arachadonic acid from cell membranes

- inflammatory response stabilized by cortocosteriods
- prostaglandins (tissues made by infection) and thomboxanes (vasoconstrictor) blocked by NSAIDS
- leukotrienes: allergic pathway blocked by singulairs

- exudates: drainage -- serous (plasma), hemorrhagic, fibrinous, purulent (pus)
- ulceration: erosion

- scarring
- granuloma: calcifed lesions from macrophages and lymphocytes that are ~1-2 mm

- fever
- leukocytosis: increase number of WBCs
- leukopenia: decrease in WBCs
- elevated C-reactive protein
- elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR): RBCs stack because of inflammation = rouleaux
- systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

- severe inflammation
- circulatory shock from extravasation (fluid out of tissue), fluid loss, organ dysfunction

- regeneration
- granulation tissue: early tissue replacement
- ** primary vs secondary intention: closed or open wound

- inflammatory: vasoconstriction and thrombosis
- proliferation
- re-epithelialization
- remodeling

- scar tissue that continues to grow

- blood flow
-oxygen
- immune response
- infection
- nutrition: vit A - scurvy
- mechanical
- age