Nervous System

Brain, spinal cord
Contains Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes

Cranial & spinal nerves
Further divided into different divisions

Division of PNS that sends signals from senses to CNS through PNS

Division of PNS that send messages from CNA to muscles and glands; can lead to somatic or automatic

Division of PNS from efferent division leading to voluntary muscle movement

Involuntary muscle movement; leads to sympathetic or parasympathetic division

Division of PNS controlling involuntary emergency reactions (fight or flight)

Division of PNS controlling involuntary movements during rest, reduces sympathetic division

90% of nervous system, support neurons.

Processes from neuron cell body which bring impulses toward cell body

Send impulses out fron neuron cell body

Main part of neuron

Unique, located in eyes

Many processes

Fatty insulation around axon to speed up signal transmission

Gaps between Schwann Cells

Neuroglia that wraps around axon to form myelin sheath

Ends of axons where neurotransmitters are released

A bundle of nerves in the cerebrum which connect the 2 hemispheres of the brain

A structure in the cerebrum in the center of the brain which contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland

2 bulb-shaped halves in the center of the brain inside the diencephalon which relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex

Inferior to the thalamus, controls autotomic processes, releases hormones, and places a role in the limbic system

Posterior to the thalamus

Releases hormones, located in the hypothalamus

Largest lobe, controls voluntary movements, reasoning and decision-making, memory, predicting consequences, planning, and verbal communication

Separated from frontal lobe by central sulcus, processes sensations, visual-spacial processing, and body positioning

Back of head, visual processing and object permanance

Separated from frontal lobe by lateral sulcus, controls memory, smell, sound, emotion association of memories, comprehension and pronunciation of words

Between cerebrum and spinal cord, has 3 regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

In the brain stem, white matter that links cerebral cortex and cerebellum, carries info across the brain, controls breathing patterns

In the brain stem, relays motor, sensory, and pain info to cerebrum, controls some movements

Part of brain stem just above spinal cord, sends impulses between the cord and brain, controls essential life functions

Runs from medulla oblongata to lumbar vertebrae, protected by meninges, relays impulses between PNS via spinal nerves. Cross-sections have a "butterfly" of grey matter surrounded by white matter. Dorsal nerves recieve impulses from afferent nerves, then pass to efferent nerves.

Part of the brain at the back of the skull, 2nd largest part of the brain. Coordinates movements from cerebrum to be smooth, like muscle memory

Type of neuroglia in the CNS which support and anchor neurons to surrounding capillaries

Type of neuroglia in the CNS which provide immune response to CNS

Type of neuroglia in CNS which secrete and circulate cerebralspinal fluid

Type of neuroglia in CNS which provide myeline insulation to neurons in CNS

Type of neuroglia in PNS which support and anchor neurons in PNS

Type of neuroglia in in PNS which provide myeline insulation to the PNS

The place (cleft) where two neurons meet

A molecule used by neurons to communicate messages across neurons

The resting state of a neuron's intra and extracellular space (negative and positively charged, respectively)

Occurs when the neuron is stimulated and sodium rushes in, reversing the charges. Also known as the action potential

As impulse passes, potassium diffuses out of the cell, turning the charges back to normal

Thickest and toughest meninge, 1st

The thin, cobwebesque meninge, 2nd

The thin meninge filled with blood cells, 3rd

Cerebrospinal fluid, is located between arachnoid and pia mater. It floats the bbrain, protecting it from gravity, and maintains the blood-brain berrier which controls homeostasis and prevents infection. Produced by ventricles

Produces CSF, there are 4

Grooves in the brain

Ridges in the brain

Deep grooves which divide lobes

Made of cell bodies and dendrites

Made of myellinated axons

Threshold is important because if it is not met, then there is no impulse passed. All-or-nothing. 3

1. Impulse arrives and threshold (-55) is met
2. Na channels open and Na enters the cell
3. K+ channels are opened and K leaves the cell, Na channels start to rest
4. K channels are still open, Na channels are resting
5. Na/K pump restore original levels of voltage in the cell

1. Olfactory - Sense of smell
2. Optic - Vision
3. Oculomotor - Movement of the eye
4. Tochlear - Looking down and blinking
5. Trigeminal - Main sensory nerve of face
6. Abducens - Controls lateral eye movement
7.Facial nerve - Controls facial expressions
8. Vestibulocochlear - Hearing and balance
9. Glossopharyngeal - Swallowing, taste, saliva production
10. Vagus - Controls all abdomial and thoracic organs
11. Accessory - Controls shoulder muscles
12. Hypoglossal Nerve - Controls tongue, damage causes speech impairment