1Urine is ___ of plasma.
ultra-filtrate (protein free, no RBC or WBC)
2What can urine evaluate?
monitor body homeostasis and metabolic disease
3What is the purpose of urine analysis?
1. aid in disease diagnosis
2. screen for asymptomatic, congenital, or hereditary disease
3. monitor disease progression
4. monitor therapy effectiveness or complications
4What are the 4 kinds of specimen types?
1. routine void
2. first morning
3. random
4. timed
5What is midstream catch? Why?
catch midstream (pee a little first); reduces contaminants (bacteria and squamous cells)
6What is the most desired to least desired collection method?
suprapubic > catheter > midstream catch (least)
7What is the advantage of catheterized specimens?
getting direct from the bladder so no external contaminants
8How can catheterized specimens have infections?
bacteria uses the outside of the catheter to climb inside to bladder (the catheter is the reason for infection)
9Why is suprapubic aspiration most desired collection?
should be completely free of contamination for culture and cytology
10When is suprapubic aspiration used?
obstruction (can't urinate) or pediatric specimen
11How are pediatric specimens collected?
clear bags with hypoallergenic tape to genital area
high risk of contamination
12What is 24 hr urine?
tests for chemicals and hormones by collecting urine over 24 hrs
(first urine is voided)
13What other information should be collected with 24 hr urine?
patient weight, height, possibly serum levels because chemicals and hormones has individual variances
14What are the changes in unpreserved urine?
1. decreased urine clarity and increased odor
2. poss. Color changes from solute alteration
3. false-negative glucose
4. increased nitrite and pH
5. disintegration of formed elements
15What causes change in urine?
1. alteration of urine solutes to a diff form
2. bacterial growth
3. solute precipitation
16Why does urine turbidity increase and odor increase in unpreserved urine?
because increased bacteria, and bacteria breakdown urea to ammonia (making it stinky)
17Why can color change in unpreserved urine?
Bilirubin is light sensitive
18How can you get a false negative glucose in unpreserved urine?
bacteria can eat up glucose over time
19Why is there an increased nitrite and pH in unpreserved urine?
Bacteria breaks down nitrate to nitrite
20When should you reject urine specimen?
1. unlabeled or mislabeled
2. mismatch specimen and name
3. inappropriate collection technique
4. not properly preserved or time delay in receiving
5. visibly contaminate
6. insufficient volume for tests
21How do you preserve integrity of urine?
refrigerate
22What is the purpose of urine culture and sensitivity (C&S)?
identify bacteria and what antibiotic treatment is best
23How can you tell if the urine is fluid?
urine creatinine is 50X higher than plasma
urea, Na, and Cl is highest in urine than other body fluids
24What is the specific gravity of urine?
1.002-1.035
25What is the pH of urine?
5.0 - 8.0
26Generally, other non-urine body fluids contain…
glucose or protein