1what are attitudes?
cognitive representation that summaries our evaluation of an attitude object
2how can attitudes be in terms of valnce ?
can be positive negative ambivalent
3what are implicit attitudes ?
inexplicable
outside of awareness
automatically activated
4what are explicit attitudes ?
you can explain the evaluation
5towards what do attitudes reflect?
1. objects
2. people
3. yourself
4. behaviours
5. events
6. ideas
6what components do attitudes have ?
1. cognitive component
2. affective component
3. behavioural component
7how do we form attitudes ?
1. mere exposure
2. classical conditioning
3. operant conditioning
4. self perception
8what is the mere exposure ?
we come to like stimuli more with repeated exposure
9what is an exmaple of mere exposure ?
→ ca ascult muzica 5gang desi nu imi place
10what does supraliminal refere to ?
supraliminal : above the threshold of consciousness
11what is classical conditioning ,supraliminal ?
attitude after repeated experiences
12how does supralimianl conditioning infleunce association ?
an experience influences negative association
aware of the environmental cue
13what does subliminal refer to ?
subliminar :below the treshold of consciousness
14what is classical conditioning , subliminal ?
* positive / negative primes shown for 0.00013 milliseconds
* attitudes are more positive regarding women they did not know when positive primes was shown
15what is operant conditioning ?
behaviour → reward/punishment → positive/negative attitude
16how are stereotpes formed ?
stereotypes may sometimes be transmitted by parents (e.g. regarding a group)
17what is the Self perception Theory ?
people derive their attitude form their behaviour
18when does self perception thoery most likely take place?
particularly when they do not yet have a clear attitude
19what does the Strack et al. look at ?
* people either keep pen in teeth or in lips
* people with pen in moth (smile) like those cartoons more
* due to facial feedback
20what deos the Wells and Perry study tell us?
* nodding yes or no influences opinion
21what are two studies that prove facial expression influences attiudes ?
Strack et al. / and Wells and Perry
22why do we form attitudes acoording to the functional approach ?
1. instrumental function
2. knowledge function
3. ego protective
4. value expressive function
23what is the instrumental function of attitudes ?
→ attitudes direct us towards our goals without unwanted situation
24what is the knowledge function of attitudes ?
→ organise knowledge and simplify
25what is the ego protective function of attitudes ?
→ protect self form inner conflicts / unplrasent truths
26what is the value expressive function of attitudes ?
→ expressing our values
27when do attitudes predict behaviour ?
*not a stong link
28what is a study that shows that attitudes do not predict behaviour?
> La Piere (1934)
> porfessor tranvling in the world
* hotels and restaurans
* few owners do as they think
29why are attitudes at a methodologial level ?
measures attitudes and behaviour at the same level
* specific attitudes predict specific behaviur
* general attitudes predict general behaviour
30what is one variable that influences attitudes very much ?
time
31why are attitudes at a self awareness level inportant ?
* attitude strength
* accesibility of attitude
32why are attitudes important at a theoretical level ?
attitudes influence behavioural intentions
33what are the three factors of Theory of reasoned action ?
1. attitude towards behaviour
2. subjective norm (what others say) → behavioural intention → behaviour
3. behavioural control (how much you think you can do it )
34what does the Theory of reasoned actions predict ?
the three features → behavioural intention → behaviour
35what is cognitive consistency ?
motivation to be consistent in our congnition
*attitudes , self perception , convictions
36why do we rationalize our behaviour ?
we often rationalize our behaviour instead of behaving irrationally
37what is congitive dissonance ?
inconsitency between two cognitions or between behaviour and cognition
38how to reduce dissonsnce ?
1. reduce behaviour
2. reduce attitude
3. trivialize / belittle
4. ascribe dicrepancy to other extreanl factors ( not your faul )
39what are external justifications ?
an attitude/phenomenon happens because of someone/something else not you
40what is the Festinger and Carlsmith study ?
* 71 first year spychology stundents
* really boring task
* some payed 1 \$ some paied 20\$ and control
* they need to say opinino on the taks
* people who were paid 1\$ said it was fun
* pleasentness was increased for 1\$ group
* why ?
1\$ insuficient external justification
20\$ sufficient for external justification
41when does cognitive dissonsnce cause change in attitude ?
* behaviour/ attitude is incosistent
* behaviour cannot be justified trough external
* person needs to feel arousal
* arousal musth be ascribed to the incosistent behaviour
42what is postdecision dissonance ?
gamblers are more certain of theor choice after vetting for a particular horse
consumers appreciate the product more after you buy it
43why does postdecision disonance happen ?
we see more advantages of the option we chose and idsatvantages of the opposite after we choose